Transcript Social Sector Development

Seminar in Economic Policy Presentation
Presented to:
Mr. Mazhar Khan
Presented by:
Tahira Hassan- 6062
Saima Hussain- 5537
Mariam Mamsa-
Social Sector Development
Social Sector Development
Education Sector
Education system in Paksitan
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There are five levels of education in Pakistan:
Primary (grades 1 through 5)
Middle (grades 6 through 8)
High/secondary (grades 9 & 10)
Intermediate ( grades 11 & 12)
University
Stats pertaining to Pakistan
• Overall literacy rate of Pakistan is 56% out of which male & female literacy
rate is 63% and 36% respectively
• Islamabad has the highest literacy rate in the country of 72.38% whereas
Musa Khel has the lowest rate at 10.37%
• Enrollment rate is 87.3% for primary, 44% for secondary and 4.6% for post
secondary education across the country.
• Statistics also testify low profile of Pakistan in education. It stands fifth in
SAARC and comes after Maldives, Srilanka, India and Bhutan because of its
fragile literacy rate.
• Pakistan is among those twelve countries of the world which are spending
less than 2% of GDP on education, whereas, countries like USA, UK, Japan
and Italy are spending more than 5% of GDP on education.
Stats contd..
• Illiterate population has increased from 22 million in 1961 to
48 million by 2005. It is feared that by 2015, illiterate
population in Pakistan may rise to 52 million
• Literacy rates in the urban area is 71% whereas in the rural
area it is 49%. 69% for men and 44% for women.
• There are currently 0.23 million institutions in the country
with 33.38 million students enrolled and a teaching staff of
1.35 million
• Public sector: 0.15 million institutions to catering to 22 million
students & offers employment to 0.723 million teaching staff
• Private sector: 0.08 million institutions catering to 12 million
students & employing 0.632 million teaching staff
Statistical Measures in Education Sector
• Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER)- gives a rough estimation of
education level from kindergarten to postgraduate level
• Number of students in all levels regardless of age as a
percentage of population of official school age
• Net Enrollment Ratio- Net enrollment is the number of
students enrolled in a level of education who belong in the
relevant age group, as a percentage of the population in that
age group.
Stats..
• Total primary Net Enrolment Ratio is 66% which considerably
lower than 86% of regional average
• Secondary Gross enrolment ratio is 30% which is only half of
the developing countries’ average of 60% and lower than
regional average of 51%
• Our tertiary GER is only 4.5% whereas the regional average is
more than double of our figure of 11%
• Pakistan has the third largest number of out-of-school children
of 6.8 m
Higher Education Commission
• Charter granted to 28 new universities both public and private
• Enrolment has gone up by 124% since 2002 to 2008
• There is a narrowing gender gap due to providing equal
opportunity for education to females and males
Male & female gap in higher education
Education expenditure as a % of GDP
Statistics relating to Pakistan
Education for All- Global Monitoring
UNESCO report 2008
Country
Expenditure as a percentage of GDP in
2008
Pakistan
India
3.8%
Maldives
7.5%
Iran
4.7%
Nepal
3.4%
China
2.82%
•only 11 per cent of the total education budget is allocated for the higher
education sector.
•Public expenditure on education as a percentage of total public spending
is close to 8% only and Pakistan ranks among the bottom 5 countries of
the world
Criticisms of education system in pakistan
• More funds are spent by the HEC on purchase of scientific
equipment which is kept locked up. Alternatively funds must
be utilized on training Pakistan’s scientists
• Severe gender disparity in enrollment levels
• Resource allocations- defense, general administration & debt
servicing, external borrowing takes precedence
Criticisms continued
Female/Male literacy ratio
Primary
schooling
Middle
Schooling
Secondary
Schooling
College
1990-91
0.47
0.42
0.4
0.5
1999-2000
0.74
0.68
0.67
0.81
Key challenges for Pakistan
• According to a recent World Bank report, the literacy rate has
jumped from 45% to 54% from 2002 to 2006
• Net primary enrollment has increased from 42% to 52%
• Participation rates remain the lowest in south Asia. Vast male;
female, urban rural disparities
• Only 22% of girls complete primary education compared with
47% boys
• School drop out rates at secondary levels are alarming. Only
30% Pakistani children receive secondary education and 19%
attend upper secondary schools
Global trends affecting education
•Demography
•Urbanization
•Migration
•Health
•Economic & Political systems
Ministry of Education stats
MOE stats contd…
Education For All- Goals to be achieved by
2015
• Expanding and improving comprehensive
education
early childhood care
and
• Ensuring that by 2015 all children particularly girls have access to, and
complete free and compulsory primary education
• Ensuring that learning needs of all young people and adults are met
through equitable access to appropriate learning & life skills programs
• Achieving a 50% improvement in levels of adult literacy by 2015
• Eliminating gender disparities in primary & secondary education by 2005
and achieving gender equality in education by 2015
• Achieving recognized and measurable learning outcomes especially in
literacy, innumeracy and essential life skills.
Participation in Pre Primary Education
Pupil Teacher Ratios region wise
Region wise drop outs
GERs & NERs
Literacy rate comparisons among males
and females
Public expenditure on education as % of
GNP
Public expenditure on education by
Income Group
Health
Health
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Basic infrastructure and sanitation
Mortality Rate
Malnourishment
Health Care Facilities
Infrastructure and Sanitation
• Only 40% of population used improved sanitation facilities in
2006 in the rural areas
• Municipal sewage is a major source of pollution
• Drinking water recourses
– Well water
– River water
– Bottled water
Infrastructure and Sanitation
Water Consumption
8%
23%
Agriculture
Industry
69%
Domestic uses
Infrastructure and Sanitation
Water Issues
• Water logging and salinity (due to
irrigation)
• Punjab province draws its major
share of drinking water from the
natural ground water aquifer
• According to WHO, groundwater
of Lahore up to 700-ft deep has
been seriously contaminated and
should not be used for human
consumption
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Now
1992
1989
Infrastructure and Sanitation
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SANITATION
About 2 million wet tonnes of human excreta are annually
produced in the urban sector of which around 50% go into
water bodies to pollute them
In Pakistan, drinking water supply lines and open sewage
drains in the streets are laid side by side
9000 million gallons of wastewater having 20,000 tons of
BOD5 loading are daily discharged into water bodies from the
industrial sector
Excessive and uncontrolled use of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides promotes contaminated agricultural run off
Infrastructure and Sanitation
• The WHO reports that 25-30% of all hospital admissions are
connected to water borne bacterial and parasitic conditions,
with 60% of infant deaths caused by water infections
• Extreme pollution of river Ravi has destroyed the once
existing 42 species of fish and the bird life around the river
has migrated to other areas
Infrastructure and Sanitation
Solution
• WWF has focused its attention on the issues of urban and
industrial pollution.
• It provides assistance to the industrial sector in reducing
polluted discharges into air, water and soil.
WWF-Pakistan enhances capacity of industrial sector so that
they can implement environmental solutions.
• Training workshops have been organized on the subjects of
industrial waste management and waste minimization
technology.
• To promote environmental awareness of water pollution
issues, a water pollution monitoring kit (mobile laboratory)
was developed by WWF and launched in the four provinces of
Pakistan. The kit is easy to use and is fabricated using cost
effective material. It is capable of monitoring 14 pollutants.
Infrastructure and Sanitation
MISSING FACILITIS
• 46% of Pakistanis still do not have access to acceptable toilet facilities
• Only 54% of this Pakistan's population has latrine and toilet facilities
(Pakistan Federal Ministry, March 2006)
Toilet Facilities
30%
Urban
Rural
70%
Mortality Rate
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Reasons for Mortality Rate
Mother and Child care
– 297 deaths for every 100,000 live births
– 10,400 maternal deaths annually
– 80% of occurring maternity deaths are preventable
Diseases (diarrhea, malaria, TB, cancer, goiter, intestinal and
skin diseases)
High Population Growth Rate
Lack of facilities
Infant Mortality Rate
• In 2000, the infant mortality rate was 83 per 1,000 live births
• Life expectancy at birth in 2007 was said to be 65 years by UNICEF
• National Conservation Strategy (NCS) states that almost 40% of deaths are
related to water borne diseases
Infant Mortality Rate (under 5 years of
age)
200
132
90
100
0
1990
2007
Mortality Rate – Developing Countries
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
68.64
57.45
Pakistan
Srilanka
32.31
16.01
21.16
16.39
India
China
Malaysia
Bangladesh
2008
1
Mortality Rate – Developing Countries
7
6
5
6.3
United Kingdon
5.08
4.93
4.41
4.03
4
3.36
United States
Germany
3
Canada
2
1
France
Australia
0
2008
Malnourishment
Malnourishment rate
19%
19%
18%
17%
17%
16%
Developing
1
Nations
Pakistan
Countires
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Malnourishment
• 30% of malnourished population in Pakistan consists of
children under 5 years of age
• The number of undernourished people in Pakistan had
reached 45 million (UN WFP)
• 26 million in the early 1990s
• Problem increased due to food shortages and high prices
• United Nations World Food Programme in collaboration with
many companies in Pakistan is working towards this cause
• Government looking into subsidizing food items
Health Care Facilities
• Doctor patient Ratio: (as of 2007)
1:1,225
• Only 62,651 nurses all over the nation
• 96,000 Lady Health Workers (primary heath care providers)
• As per World Health Organization, Pakistan's total health
expenditures amounted to 3.9% of GDP in 2005
• Per capita health expenditures were US$49
• The government provided 24.4% of total health expenditures
(with the remainder being entirely private, out-of-pocket
expenses)
GDP % Spend on Health in Pakistan
Years
30%
25%
24.40%
20%
15%
Years
10%
5%
0%
4%
1%
1993
1999
2005
Empowerment
Empowerment
• Economic empowerment through
– Education
– Entrepreneurship
– Women empowerment
Economic Empowerment through
Education
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Scholarships
State Grants
Financial Aid
Loans
• Government Schools
• Private Schools
• NGO networks (TCF, ITA)
Economic Empowerment through
Entrepreneurship
• Cottage industry
– The small industrial sector in Pakistan currently employs 80
percent of the total workforce and contributes 40 percent
in the country's Gross Domestic Product (WTO)
– SME include cutlery, apparel, bed-wear & bed-linen,
bicycles, blankets, canvas & canvas products, ceramics,
cotton & ginning, curtain & furnishing, dairy, electric fans,
finished leather, fisheries sector, footwear, ceramics &
made-up, gems & jewelry, leather garments, leather
gloves, leather goods, leather industry, marble & granite,
spinning, surgical, textile weaving, towels & terry products,
table linen and wooden furniture.
Economic Empowerment through
Entrepreneurship
• Business loans and grants
– By government
– By Banks
• Sustainable development
– Developing skills and talent
– Example: Sehat First
Economic Empowerment through
Women Empowerment
• Education
– Women scholarships by Government and private sector
– Encouragement (TCF)
• Skills and Talent
– Training
Poverty
The poor are seen as a liability, not as an active part
of the solution. They are, at best, placed at the mercy
of the providence of the rich or some handouts by
the government
Back Ground
Up to the late 1970s South Asia, which includes
eight countries
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan
and Sri Lanka—was known for conflict, violence and widespread
and extreme poverty.
Growth in South Asia
South Asia’s in the 1980’s opened up markets to international
competition, replaced the public Sector with the private sector as
the engine of growth, and improved macroeconomic Management.
Hence in 2007
Countries
India & China
Pakistan & Sri Lanka
South Asia
GDP Growth Rate
9%
6.5%
6.5%
Results of Growth
Rapid growth has been instrumental in reducing poverty in
South Asia.
What went wrong?
Difference of Income Gaps in
Leading and Lagging regions
In South Asian countries the Average Annual growth of Leading
regions is always twice as Average Annual Growth of Lagging
Regions. Natural disasters also played their roles!
Richer became richest and poorer became poorest
Giving rise to REGIONAL DISPARITIES
Poverty Trap
“The poor will ye always have with you”
South Asia has nearly 400 million poor people in a
population of 1.42 billion.
Due to the criteria of purchasing power parity (PPP) of
US$ 1 a day, the scale of poverty has come down from
51.3 per cent to 31.3 per cent in 2001,
Poverty is not just endemic, but it is increasingly
concentrated in the lagging regions.
Poverty gives rise to Inequality
Poverty trends in Pakistan
Percentage
40
35
32.6
33.8
33
36.1
29.2
30
23.9
25
20
Percentage
15
10
5
0
1998-1999
2000-2003
2004- 2006
2006-2007
2007-2008
2008-2009
$2 PER DAY
COUNTRIES
POPULATION IN %
PAKISTAN
73.6%
BANGLADESH
80%
NEPAL
80%
SRILANKA
41.6%
INDIA
80%
Poverty Catalysts
• Trends of Inflation
• Stagnant Employment decreased wages despite of inflation.
• The funds allocation for Primary Healthcare, Education and
Poverty Eradication are too scarce.
• South Asia spends one of the highest percentages of its
revenues and GDP on defence, administration and security, it
spends the least in the world on social sectors
• It is pushing millions back into poverty
• The average GDP growth in developing countries in 2009 is now
only about a quarter of expected.
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For developing countries as a whole, growth is projected to fall to
1.6 percent in 2009, from an average of 6.1 percent in 2007-08
Consequences
World Bank/IMF estimate that because of this crisis there will be
more than
50 million people living in extreme poverty
30 million people around the world be unemployed
23 Million will be from developing countries
Poverty Factors
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The structures of GDP growth
Erosion of traditional means of living,
Mechanization of agriculture on which the bulk of population lived,
Over-crowding of cities,
Neglect of human resource development,
Illiteracy,
Lack of health services,
Discrimination against women and marginalized communities,
Unequal development,
Regional disparities,
Bad governance and corruption
Poverty Alleviation Programs in Pakistan
1. Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund Project
2. Benazir Income Support Program (BISP)
3. Community Investment Funds (CIF)
4. Punjab Food Support Scheme
5. Peoples works programme
6. Pakistan Bait ul Maal (PBM)
Please Comment!
South Asia could bring down poverty to less than ten per cent in
the next 10 years, if it succeeded in accelerating its annual
growth rate to 10 per cent. (According to World Bank)