Transcript Tanzania, Water and health

TANZANIA, WATER AND HEALTH
Slides by Pedro Guerra
[email protected]
Agenda
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Context
Problem Definition
Brain Storming I
Pause
Brain Storming II
Synthesis
Group Presentations
Microcontroller Review
• uC as a small low-cost single chip computer that includes
multiple modules.
– A small amount of RAM, flash memory.
– Parallel and/or serial I/O, Timers and signal generators.
– Analog to Digital (A/D) and/or Digital to Analog (D/A) conversion
What is Arduino?
• Physical computing
platform
• Open source
• “Hardware Abstracted”
Wiring Language
• Large community
What is Arduino?
: http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage
Typical Arduino Board Overview
Typical Arduino Board Overview
“Shields”
Arduino Program (Sketch) Structure
Declare variables at top
• Initialize
• setup() – run once at beginning, set pins
• Running
• loop() – run repeatedly, after setup()
Example of the most basic program requirements:
void setup()
{
}
void loop()
{
}
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Arduino “Language”
• Language is standard C/C++ (but made easy)
• Lots of useful functions
pinMode() – set a pin as input or output
digitalWrite() – set a digital pin high/low
digitalRead() – read a digital pin’s state
analogRead() – read an analog pin
analogWrite() – write an “analog” PWM value
delay() – wait an amount of time (ms)
millis() – get the current time
• And many others. And libraries. And examples!
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Context
Tanzania
Population of 44.9 million is highly diverse
70% live in rural areas
Per capita GDP : $1,813 (PPP)
25% GDP depends on agriculture
Context
Water scarcity in Tanzania
• Raises concerns over multiple issues:
distribution, use, quantity and quality.
• Competition for water use is increasing due
to:
– Growing population
– Needs for irrigation
Context
Water scarcity in Tanzania
Women and girls are usually
responsible for the collection
and use of household water
Rural population rely on:
Wells 40%
Springs 15 %
Rivers /lakes 15%
Context
Health and Water
UN Resolution 64/292
Context
Problem
Statement
“A self-contained low-cost light weight system for
continuous water quality measurement is needed to
inform users about potential hazards of as well as to
provide information to local governments, which are
responsible for providing quality water but have little
capacity.”
The system has to take into account the reality of
Tanzania
BrainStorm
Problem
Constraints
Water operational monitoring parameters
Sensing
A range of parameters can be used in operational monitoring.
these include pH, turbidity, UV absorbency, dissolved oxygen,
conductivity, organic carbon content, algal growth, flow and
retention time, colour, conductivity and the occurrence of local
meteorological events .
Ideally, a means to estimate the presence and/or concentrations
of coliform bacteria also.
The device has to provide readings to external devices either
Communications wirelessly of by direct connection.
The system records water quality readings and water usage with
Recording
the aid of an embedded system.
The system will warn the user if the quality does not meet a
Warning user minimum standard
The service has to be automated with software that retrieves data
Software
from local water sources and compiles information in a server run
and owned by local authorities.
Pause
Problem
Statement
General Problems when monitoring water quality:
• Access to water remains low
• Experience shows that most people don't know whether water is
safe or not.
• Local authorities may not know about the water quality provided by
the infrastructure.
• Contamination between source and point of use may occur.
• Water quality can vary with time (eg dry season versus rainy
season).
• Water quality varies significantly within the country: colour and
turbidity levels are problematic during the rainy season in the semiarid regions, fluoride concentration is a matter of concern in other
areas, and high turbidity and nutrient levels lead to frequent blooms
of algae and weeds.
• Electric power is unreliable and not globally available
• Mobile coverage is limited
BrainStorm
Identify users
User Y needs
Restrictions
…
User X needs
Restrictions
Synthesis
Identify users
User Y needs
…
Restrictions
User X needs
Restrictions
Synthesis
Which proposals make more sense in the Tanzanian
context... and which are unfeasible?
Presentation
TANZANIA, WATER AND HEALTH
Slides by Pedro Guerra
[email protected]