Transcript The European Commission

The European Union: 500 million people – 28 countries
Member States of the
European Union
Candidate countries and
potential candidates
Founders
New ideas for lasting peace and prosperity…
Alcide De Gasperi
Konrad Adenauer
Winston Churchill
Robert Schuman
Jean Monnet
The EU symbols
The motto:
United in diversity
The euro
The European anthem
The European flag
Europe Day, 9 May
24 official languages
Български
English
latviešu valoda
português
Čeština
español
lietuvių kalba
Română
dansk
français
magyar
slovenčina
Deutsch
Gaeilge
Malti
slovenščina
eesti keel
hrvatski
Nederlands
suomi
Ελληνικά
Italiano
polski
svenska
Enlargement: from six to 28 countries
The big enlargement: uniting east and west
1989
Fall of Berlin Wall – end of Communism
EU economic help begins: Phare
programme
1992
Criteria set for a country to join the EU:
• democracy and rule of law
• functioning market economy
• ability to implement EU laws
1998
Formal negotiations on enlargement begin
2002
Copenhagen summit agrees to a big
enlargement of 10 new countries
2004
Ten new EU members: Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia,
Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia,
Slovenia
2007
Bulgaria and Romania join the EU
2013
Croatia joins on 1 July
Candidate countries and potential candidates
Area
(1 000 km²)
Population
(million)
Wealth
(gross domestic
product per person)
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
51
3.8
7 600
Montenegro
14
0.6
10 900
100
0.3
30 000
Kosovo under UN
Security Resolution
1244
11
1.8
:
The former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia
25
2.1
9 100
Albania
28
2.9
7 500
Serbia
77
7.2
9 100
Turkey
783
76.7
13 800
4 272
507.4
25 700
Country
Iceland
The 28 EU countries
together
The treaties – basis for democratic cooperation built on law
1952
The European Coal and Steel Community
1958
The treaties of Rome:
• The European Economic Community
• The European Atomic Energy Community
(EURATOM)
1987
The European Single Act: the Single
Market
1993
Treaty on European Union - Maastricht
1999
Treaty of Amsterdam
2003
Treaty of Nice
2009
Treaty of Lisbon
The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
Binding for all the EU's activities
54 articles under 6 titles:
Dignity
Freedoms
Equality
Solidarity
Citizens’ rights
Justice
EU population compared to the rest of the world
Population in millions, 2014
1537
1252
506
316
EU
China
India
127
144
Japan
Russia
United
States
EU surface area compared to the rest of the world
Surface area, 1 000 km²
17098
9831
9600
4272
3287
378
EU
China
India
Japan
Russia
United States
How rich is the EU compared to the rest of the world?
Size of economy:
2012 gross domestic product
in trillions of euro
Wealth per person:
2012 gross domestic product
per person
12.89
37100
11.77
26300
25200
5.96
4.32
1.33
EU
12000
5800
1.46
China India Japan Russia United
States
2600
EU
China India Japan Russia United
States
132
20
Slovenia
2.6
0.3
Luxembourg
Malta
9
31
Belgium
Cyprus
42
65
Latvia
Netherlands
65
Lithuania
43
70
Ireland
Denmark
79
Czech Republic
45
84
Austria
Estonia
88
Croatia
49
92
Portugal
Slovakia
93
Hungary
Bulgaria
111
238
Romania
Greece
249
302
Italy
United Kingdom
313
338
357
Poland
Finland
Germany
Sweden
Spain
France
439
506
633
How big are the EU countries?
Surface area in 1 000 km²
19.9
4.3
2.9
2.1
Croatia
Lithuania
Slovenia
0.4
4.6
Ireland
Malta
5.4
Slovakia
0.6
5.5
Finland
Luxembourg
5.6
Denmark
0.9
7.3
Bulgaria
Cyprus
8.5
Austria
1.3
9.6
Sweden
Estonia
9.9
Hungary
2
10.4
Portugal
Latvia
10.5
11
11.2
16.8
Czech Republic
Greece
Belgium
Netherlands
Romania
Poland
Spain
46.5
38.5
60.8
64.3
United Kingdom
Italy
65.9
France
Germany
80.8
How many people live in the EU?
Population in millions, 2014
507 million in total
119
Belgium
83
80
76
75
75
74
72
68
67
67
Slovenia
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Portugal
Greece
Lithuania
Estonia
Poland
Hungary
Latvia
Bulgaria
Romania
47
54
61
86
Cyprus
Croatia
87
95
Spain
Malta
98
Italy
106
124
Germany
United Kingdom
125
Denmark
108
126
Ireland
France
127
Sweden
112
127
Netherlands
Finland
129
Austria
Luxembourg
264
GDP per inhabitant: the spread of wealth
2013 GDP per inhabitant
Index where the average of the 28 EU countries is 100
Europe 2020 – Europe's growth strategy
In 2020, EU leaders agreed the overall strategy to
overcome the economic crisis by means of:
•
Smart growth
Better education, more research, greater use
of communication technologies
•
Sustainable growth
A resource-efficient, greener and more
competitive economy
•
Inclusive growth
More and better jobs, investment in skills and
training, modernisation of the labour market
and welfare systems and spreading the
benefits of growth to all parts of the EU
•
Good economic governance
Better coordination of economic policy
The five targets for the EU in 2020
Agreed in the Europe 2020 strategy:
• Employment
75% of 20 to 64-year-olds to be employed
• Research and innovation
3% of the EU's GDP to be invested in research
• Climate change/energy
Greenhouse gas emissions to be 20% lower than in 1990
20% of energy to be from renewable sources
20% increase in energy efficiency
• Education
School drop-out rates to be below 10%
40% of 30 to 34-year-olds to be completing third-level education
• Poverty
20 million fewer people in, or at risk of, poverty and social exclusion
Europe's response to the economic crisis
2008: Worldwide financial crisis starts in the United States
Coordinated response from the EU's national governments,
the European Central Bank and the European Commission:
• Commitment to the euro and to financial stability
• New crisis management tools and reforms of rules:
European Stability Mechanism: fund to help countries in extraordinary
economic difficulties
New laws for stability of banks
EU-wide financial supervisory authorities
• Better economic governance:
European Semester: annual procedure to coordinate public budgets
Euro+ pact, ‘Fiscal compact treaty’: mutual commitments to sound public
finances
How does the EU spend its money?
2015 EU budget: €145.3 billion
= 1.02 % of gross national income
Global Europe:
including development aid
6%
Security and citizenship, justice
2%
Sustainable growth –
natural resources:
agriculture, environment
40 %
Other, administration
6%
Smart and inclusive growth:
jobs, competitiveness,
regional development
46 %
Climate change – a global challenge
To stop global warming, EU leaders decided in 2014 to:
• reduce greenhouse gas emissions by
40% by 2030, compared to 1990
• raise the share of renewable energy
to 27% by 2030 (wind, solar, hydro
power, biomass)
• increase energy efficiency by 27% by
2030
Energy sources in a changing world
Share of fuel imported from
outside the EU in 2010
Fuel used in the EU
in 2010
100%
84%
62%
53%
39%
0%
Coal
Oil
Gas
Nuclear
(uranium)
Renewables Other types
Research - investing in the knowledge society
Spending on research and development in 2012 (% of GDP)
3.3%
3.0%
2.7%
2.1%
1.8%
EU
EU objective
2020
China
Japan
United States
Solidarity in practice: the EU cohesion policy
2014-2020: €352 billion invested in infrastructure, business,
environment and training of workers for the benefit of poorer regions
and citizens
•
Regional fund
•
Social fund
•
Cohesion fund
Less-developed regions: GDP per
capita under 75% of the EU average
Transition regions: GDP per capita
between 75% and 90% of the EU
average
More-developed regions: GDP per
capita over 90% of the EU average
The euro – a single currency for Europeans
Why the euro?
• No fluctuation risk and foreign exchange
cost
• More choice and stable prices for
consumers
• Closer economic cooperation between EU
countries
Can be used everywhere in
the euro area
• Coins: one side with national symbols,
one side common
• Notes: no national side
EU countries using the euro
EU countries not using the euro
Average annual inflation in the 18 EU countries using the euro in 2013
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
1971
1970
Beating inflation
European Economic and Monetary Union: stable prices
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
The single market: freedom of choice
Four freedoms of movement:
•
goods
•
services
•
people
•
capital
The single market has led to:
•
Significant reductions in the price of many
products and services, including airfares and
phone calls
•
More choice for consumers
•
2.8 million new jobs
Free to move
‘Schengen’:
•
No police or customs checks at borders
between most EU countries
•
Controls strengthened at the EU’s external
borders
•
More cooperation between police from
different EU countries
•
Buy and bring back any goods for personal
use when you travel between EU countries
Cheaper mobile abroad
The EU has reduced the cost of phone calls, text messaging
and data roaming abroad by over 80% since 2007
Euro cent,
excluding VAT
300
Downloading data when abroad
250
200
150
Calling from abroad (per minute)
100
50
Sending an SMS when abroad
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Going abroad to learn
Erasmus+
Every year, more than 400 000
young people study or pursue
personal development in other
European countries with the
support of the EU’s Erasmus+
programme for education,
training, youth and sport.
Improving health and the environment
Pollution knows no borders – joint action needed
EU action has helped bring about:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
cleaner bathing water
much less acid rain
lead-free petrol
free and safe disposal of old electronic
equipment
strict rules on food safety from farm to
fork
more organic and quality farming
more effective health warnings on
cigarettes
registration and control of all chemicals
(REACH)
An area of freedom, security and justice
•
EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
•
Joint fight against terrorism
•
Cooperation between police and lawenforcers in different EU countries
•
Coordinated asylum and immigration
policies
•
Civil law cooperation
The EU: an exporter of peace and prosperity
• World trade rules
• Common foreign and security policy
• Development assistance and
humanitarian aid
The EU – a major trading power
% of global exports
goods
2012
% of global exports
services
2012
The EU is the biggest provider of development aid
in the world
The EU provides over half of all development aid
56
24
8
EU
United States
Japan
Official development aid 2013, billion €
Protecting consumers' rights
As a consumer you are protected by basic laws all
over the EU, even when you travel or shop online
• Clear labelling
• Health and safety standards
• Unfair practice in contracts prohibited
• Passengers’ rights, such as compensation for long delays
• Help to resolve problems
Gender equality
The gender pay gap:
Women in the EU earn on average 16.4 % less per hour
than men.
Three key players
The European Parliament
- voice of the people
Martin Schulz, President of the European
Parliament
The European Council and the Council
- voice of the Member States
Donald Tusk, President of the European
Council
The European Commission
- promoting the common interest
Jean-Claude Juncker, President of the European
Commission
The EU institutions
European Council (summit)
European Parliament
Court of
Justice
Court of
Auditors
European Investment Bank
Council of Ministers
(The Council)
European Commission
Economic and Social
Committee
Committee of the Regions
Agencies
European Central Bank
How EU laws are made
Citizens, interest groups, experts: discuss, consult
Commission: makes formal proposal
Parliament and Council of Ministers: decide jointly
National or local authorities: implement
Commission and Court of Justice: monitor implementation
The European Parliament – voice of the people
Decides EU laws and budget together with the Council of Ministers
Democratic supervision of all the EU’s work
Number of members elected in each country
Austria - 18
Germany - 96
Netherlands - 26
Belgium - 21
Greece - 21
Poland - 51
Bulgaria - 17
Hungary - 21
Portugal - 21
Croatia - 11
Ireland - 11
Romania - 32
Cyprus - 6
Italy - 73
Slovakia - 13
Czech Republic - 21
Latvia - 8
Slovenia - 8
Denmark - 13
Lithuania - 11
Spain - 54
Estonia - 6
Luxembourg - 6
Sweden - 20
Finland - 13
Malta - 6
United Kingdom - 73
France - 74
Total - 751
The European political parties
Number of seats in the European Parliament
per political group (November 2014)
Alliance of Liberals and
Democrats for Europe
67
Greens/European Free Alliance
50
Progressive Alliance of
Socialists and Democrats
191
European People’s Party
(Christian Democrats)
221
European Conservatives
and Reformists
70
Europe of Freedom
and Direct Democracy
48
European United
Left - Nordic Green Left
52
Non-attached members
52
Total: 751
Council of Ministers – voice of the Member States
• One minister from each EU country
• Presidency: rotates every six months
• Decides EU laws and budget together with Parliament
• Manages the common foreign and security policy
Council of Ministers – how they vote
Most decisions in the Council are taken by ‘double majority’.
A decision must have the support of at least:
•
55 % of the Member States (16 countries)
•
Member States that represent 65 % of the EU’s
population
Summit at the European Council
Summit of heads of state and government of all EU countries
• Held at least 4 times a year
• Sets the overall guidelines for EU policies
• President: Donald Tusk
A high representative for foreign affairs and security
Federica Mogherini
• Double role:
– chairs meetings of the Foreign Affairs
Council
– Vice-President of the European
Commission
• Manages the common foreign affairs and
security policy
• Head of the European External Action Service
The European Commission – promoting the common interest
28 independent members, one from each EU country
•
Proposes new legislation
•
Executive organ
•
Guardian of the treaties
•
Represents the EU on the international stage
The Court of Justice – upholding the law
28 independent judges, one from each EU country
• Rules on how to interpret EU law
• Ensures EU countries apply EU laws in the same way
The European Ombudsman
Emily O’Reilly
The European Ombudsman
•
Investigates complaints about poor or
failed administration by the EU
institutions
•
For example: unfairness, discrimination,
abuse of power, unnecessary delay,
failure to reply or incorrect procedures
•
Anyone in the EU can make a complaint
The European Court of Auditors: getting value
for your money
28 independent members
•
Checks that EU funds are used properly
•
Can audit any person or organisation dealing with EU funds
The European Central Bank: managing the euro
Mario Draghi
President of the Central Bank
• Ensures price stability
• Controls money supply and decides
interest rates
• Supervises that banks are safe
• Works independently from governments
The European Economic and Social Committee:
voice of civil society
353 members
•
Represents trade unions, employers, farmers,
consumers and so on
•
Advises on new EU laws and policies
•
Promotes the involvement of civil society in EU matters
The Committee of the Regions: voice of local government
353 members
•
Represents cities and regions
•
Advises on new EU laws and policies
•
Promotes the involvement of local government in EU
matters
Civil servants working for the EU
The Commission employs about 23 000 permanent civil
servants and 11 000 temporary or contract workers
Other EU institutions employ about 10 000 staff
• Permanent civil servants
• Selected by open competitions
• Come from all EU countries
• Salaries decided by law
• EU administration costs €15 per EU citizen per year
• EU staff will be reduced by 5% between 2013 and 2017
Getting in touch with the EU
Questions about the EU? Europe Direct can help
• By phone, email or webchat
• Over 500 regional information
centres
europa.eu/europedirect