Transcript X Coyer_中英文 - SPRP-CN

中国-欧盟就业和社保政策对话与研讨会
China-EU Employment and Social Security
Policy Dialogue &Workshop
2016年4月26日 ·北京
Beijing, April 26, 2016
Relations between Employment and Social Security Policies
in Europe
欧洲就业和社保政策之间的关系
(bilingual version)
（双语版）
Based on the Report by Jean-Yves Hocquet, Ecole nationale supérieure de sécurité sociale
[email protected]
根据法国国家高等社保学院让-伊夫·奥凯先生的报告
Presented by Xavier Coyer
Social Affairs Adviser , Expertise France
[email protected]
演讲人：泽维尔·科瓦耶，法国国际专业技术署社会事务顾问
Social security as a major prerequisite of the European single labour market
社会保障是欧洲单一劳动力市场的一项主要先决条件
Free movement of workers, with free movement of goods and services, at the basis of the EU to:
以欧盟为基础，工人以及商品和服务的自由流动 ，其目的是：
- improve the matching of labour market needs by removing obstacles for workers’ mobility across Europe and by
enabling a better anticipation of skills demand and national labour market shortages;
通过消除工人在整个欧洲流动的障碍，更好地实现技能需求，弥补国家劳动力市场短缺，提高劳动力市场
需求的匹配性；
- pave the way for European citizenship.
为取得欧洲公民身份铺平道路。
Even if the first 6 founding countries shared some common references about social security, mostly based on the
professional activity, social security, coordination was necessary to make mobility attractive (regulations 3 and 4
1958)
即使最初的六个创始成员国有一些共同的社会保障指引（大多基于职业活动），社会保障协调对于实现流
动性来讲也是很必要的。（1958年条例3和4）。
•
Freedom of movement of workers was to be secured within the Community through
the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the
Member States as regards employment, remuneration and other conditions of work
and employment.
要保障工人在共同体范围内自由流动，主要措施为：消除成员国工人之间在
就业、薪酬和其他劳动就业条件方面存在的所有国籍歧视。
•
Coordination and not harmonization (since social security systems are a part of the
national identity) adjusts social security systems in relation to each other to protect
the entitlements of migrants while leaving the national schemes intact in other
respects.
应采取协调而不是统一（因为社会保障制度是国家身份的一部分）措施，调
节各国相互之间的社会保障制度，以保护流动人口的权利，同时保护各国计
划在其他各个方面的完整性。
• Equal treatment: person residing on the territory of a Member State (MS) is subject to the same
obligations and benefits from the same rights as the citizens of that MS,
平等待遇：居住在一成员国领土内的人员，享有与该成员国公民同等权利的社保义务和待
遇；
• Rules are laid down to determine which member country’s legislation the person is subject to,
出台了明确该人员应遵守哪个成员国法律的规定；
• Rights in the course of acquisition are protected through aggregation of periods of insurance,
residence or employment spent in each of the respective countries to establish a right in another
Member State.
对于个人权利的确认过程，需要汇总其在各国不同阶段的保险、居住期或就业期来提供保
护，以实现其在另一成员国的权利。
• rights already acquired are protected by allowing certain benefits to be exported.
通过部分待遇的转出来实现对既得权益的保护。
An ongoing process of adaptation
当前的应对措施
•
successive enlargements with new models, more residence based
不断扩大应用新模式，更多地基于居住地原则
•
introduction of new benefits: early retirement, long term care, Active Labour
Market Policies (ALMP)…
引入新待遇：提前退休，长期照护，积极劳动力市场政策（ALMP）
•
Major changes in the working conditions which mirror the challenges faced on
national labour markets
劳动条件发生重大变化，反映了国内劳动力市场面临的挑战
-
50 years ago most of the workers were migrants workers who settled in another country at least for their work
period and eventually retired in their home country.
50年前，工人流动大多仅是在工作期间居住别国，最后在本国退休。
-
today the mobile worker is more often a frontier worker who comes back home every night or a worker who can
alternate in the same year periods in the home country or in several EU countries as wage earner, self employed,
or be jobless.
目前，流动工人往往是每天回家的边界工人，或者可以作为工资劳动者、自营职业者或失业者，每年在
本国或多个欧盟国家之间轮流停留的工人。
-
working conditions have changed e.g. teleworking, self-employment.
劳动条件发生变化，如远程办公、自营职业等等。
-
the model of the family with a male bread winner disappears.
靠男人养家的家庭模式正在消失。
-
workers mobility leads to new approach of the collection of contributions and taxes and of the assessment of the
rights of the recipients.
工人流动性带来新的缴费和税收征缴方式，并带来受益人权利评估的新办法。
-
importance of prevention of social dumping in relation with posting.
预防由“贴保”带来的“社会倾销”。
The EU single labour market functions with very different national situations regarding social protection:
欧盟单一劳动力市场的运转，在社会保障方面各国大相径庭：
• percentage of social protection (SP) spending in the GDP : EU average 29%, highest DK 34%, lowest LV15,1%.
社会保障（SP）占GDP百分比：欧盟平均（29%），丹麦最高（34%），拉脱维亚最低（15.1%）。
• large differences in the breakdown of social spending among the EU countries :
欧盟国家之间在社会支出明细方面存在巨大差异：
- the countries of Southern Europe dedicate about 50% of their social protection spending to retirement
benefits
南欧国家社会保障支出近50%用于退休金
- family or child benefits are at the highest in the Nordic countries , Germany and Ireland
北欧国家、德国和冰岛的家庭或儿童福利最高
- the Nordic countries are prone to a high coverage of invalidity risk
北欧国家倾向于高度保障残障风险
- a high level of spending for housing and inclusion in Netherlands and UK
荷兰和英国对住房和社会融入支出水平高
• two main models : professional, linked to work with contributions on wages (bismarckian) and universal or
residence-based relying upon taxes (beveridgian)
两种主要模式：工作的模式（贝弗里奇模式）中基于工资缴费相关联的职业模式（俾斯麦模式）和依赖税
收的普享型或基于居住地
No direct link between SP spending model or level
and unemployment.
社会保障支出模式或水平与失业无直接联系。
DK (beveridgian) which ranks at the top for SP
spending with 34,2 % of GDP had a 6.6%
unemployment versus UK(beveridgian) with 27.3%
SP spending of GDP and 6.1 % for unemployment
and Germany (bismarckian) with 29.4 % for SP
spending enjoys the lowest unemployment rate in EU
with 5%.
丹麦（贝弗里奇模式）社保支出最高，占GDP的
34.2%，失业率6.6%；相比之下，英国（贝弗里奇
模式）社保支出占GDP的27.3%，失业率6.1%，德
国（俾斯麦模式）社保支出占GDP的29.4%，失业
率为欧盟最低，仅有5%。
Much room for policy makers especially because
employment dynamics are not the same in the EU
Members.
公共政策制定者有很大空间，原因尤其体现在欧
盟成员国之间就业机制的差别上。
Social protection as a part of the policy to tackle unemployment
社保是解决失业问题的政策的一部分
Main interactions between social protection and labour market:
社保和劳动力市场之间的相互关系主要有：
•
facilitate labour market participation 促进劳动力市场参与
•
prevent and protect against risks throughout the lifecourse 预防和保护人生历程中的风险
In relation with other actions :
相关的其他行动：
•
tax system and job creation 税收制度和创造就业机会
•
wage moderation 工资调节
•
investment in education and training 教育培训投资
•
school to work transition 从学校向就业过渡
•
reintegration of long term unemployed 长期失业者重新融入社会
•
better social dialogue 改善社会对话
JOINT EMPLOYMENT REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION AND THE COUNCIL
委员会及理事会联合就业报告
•
Social protection systems must better protect against social exclusion and poverty and become
encompassing instruments at the service of individual development, labour market and lifecourse transitions and social cohesion.
社保制度应更好地保护人们免于社会排斥，防止贫困，成为服务于个人发展、劳动力市
场和生命周期转换以及社会凝聚力的有力手段。
•
to secure pension, have longer and fuller careers with active ageing policies sufficiently
covering health and training.
保障养老金，实现更长和更全面的职业生涯覆盖，运用积极的老龄化政策，充分覆盖健
康和培训计划。
•
investment in the working age population, including especially for women, disabled and older
workers.
投资劳动适龄人口，特别是妇女、残疾人和老年工人。
•
encourage the provision of, and access to effective primary health care services.
鼓励供给和普及有效的基本医疗保障服务。
Focus on some changes :
聚集于部分变革措施：
-
•
•
•
•
Redesign of structural conditions: global increase in the part of the public contributions versus social
contributions especially in bismarckian countries:
重新设计结构性条件：在全球范围内，公共资金来源相对社会缴费的比例在提升，尤其是在俾斯麦模
式国家：
to deal with social change e.g. single parent household
解决社会变化问题，如单亲家庭
to alleviate the direct labour costs of targeted categories of workers
降低特定目标工人群体的直接劳动力成本
New management of social benefits
社会福利新管理
restriction to early retirement or retirement benefit (conditions, level)
对提前退休或退休金的限制（条件，水平）
active labour market policies (ALMP) with impact on benefit.
影响福利的积极劳动力市场政策（ALMP）
Unemployment, invalidity or disability benefits would be granted only to people who are willing to undergo
measures aiming a reintegration into the labour market.
失业、失能或残障待遇仅限于那些有意愿重新融入劳动力市场的人员。
Evolution of the part of public contribution in the financing of social protection
公共资金占社会保障融资比例的变化
ALMP expenditure by type of action and by Member State (2010, in % GDP)
失业补助和积极劳动力市场政策支出（占GDP百分比）与失业
ALMP expenditure by type of action and by Member State (2010, in % GDP)
积极劳动力市场政策支出，按行动类别和成员国（2010年，占GDP百分比）
Social protection as a necessary component
社保是必不可少的组成部分
By reducing direct labour costs with targeted social contributions reductions on less productive categories young
people or categories with peculiar difficulties (long term unemployed people or ageing people) or low paid
employees
通过有针对性地削减低生产力青年群体、特殊困难群体（长期失业人员或老年人）或低收入雇员的社保缴
费，降低直接成本
By investing to alleviate the charge on employees for example in prevention (health) to allow people working
older ( charge of
retirement pension) or
to speed
up
the retun into employment
invalidity,disability,unemployment benefits recipients through active labour market policies
通过投资，降低对雇员的收费，例如在预防（健康）方面，促进人们工作的更长（退休金缴费），或者通
过积极劳动力市场政策，使失能、残障、失业金领取者尽快重返就业
By making employees less mobility adverse with more secured unemployment benefits
通过更有保障的失业补助，减少雇员的流动性厌恶
By tackling special needs as single parent households by childcare facilities …
通过发展儿童保育设施，解决单亲家庭的特殊需求……
Trial of experience rating for contribution (unemployment benefit, occupational disease or occupational accident
benefit…)
评估缴费的试点试验（失业补助、职业病或职业事故补助……）
An intermediate conclusion from the European experience:
欧洲经验的中间结论：
There is no one European best way or model but a set of experiences which could be used to find the fine
tuning taking account of national conditions.
没有单一的最佳欧洲道路或者模式，只有可以用于结合本国国情进行微调的一套经验。
It is possible to run different social protection systems in the same economic zone or monetary zone
(Eurozone) and to achieve a common labor market; social security coordination is needed to make workers
mobility attractive and to prevent social dumping.
可以在同一个经济区或货币区（欧元区）运行不同的社会保障制度，实现共同劳动力市场；需要开展
社会保障协调，使工人流动性具有吸引力，并防止社会倾销。
Anyway it is necessary to have a better coordination of the national social policies and a better coordination
between employment and social policies that are the aims of the open method of coordination.
无论如何，必须更好地协调国家社会政策，更好地协调就业和社会政策之间的关系，这正是公开协调
方法的目标。
The main contribution of social protection to employment policies is perhaps on another field, that of the
reduction of inequalities, a condition for a sustainable development.
社会保障对就业政策的主要贡献也许在于另一个领域，即减少不平等，这是可持续发展的一项条件。