Transcript Development - Penicuik High School

Development and Health
Penicuik High School
Higher Geography
Indicators of Development
We often talk of “developed” and “developing” countries
but just how do we measure the level of development of
a country? Is India more or less developed than Brazil, for
example. When indeed does a developing country
become developed??
Indicators of Development
Facebook Facts Video
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
This is the total value of all goods and services
produced within a country divided by the number
of people (per capita).
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Why we use GDP
• It clearly shows which countries are richer and
which are poorer.
• Countries producing raw materials have a low GDP
Countries producing secondary or tertiary goods
have a high GDP.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Problems of Using GDP:
• GDP figures are more accurate in countries where there is a lot of
trade in goods and services
• In many countries, trade is done informally, through bartering
• Countries at War cannot provide data
• GDP is based on $ US and exchange rates between countries vary
• GDP is a crude average and hides extremes within a country
Average Income
• Clearly shows differences between incomes in
countries. The countries that are richer have a
higher average income, those which are poorer
have lower average income.
Problems with average Income
• It is just an average
• It does not take into account extremes
• It does not show regional differences.
Social Indicators of
Development
• Social Indicators:
– Life Expectancy
• How long a person is
expected to live at birth
– Access to Safe Water
• What percent of the
population have access
to a safe water supply
– Adult Literacy
• What percent of the
population can read and
write
Social Development
Indicators
Adult Literacy. Why do we use them?
• They are a clear indication of which countries have
better education services.
• Richer countries have higher literacy rates poorer
countries have lower literacy rates.
• It shows what types of jobs are available in the
country and what wages might be paid.
Problems of using literacy rates
• It is just an average and misses out the extremes.
• It does not show regional differences.
Why do we use Infant Mortality Rate
• It is a clear indication of access to medical care
and living conditions in that country.
• Poorer countries have high infant mortality rates,
richer countries have lower Infant mortality rates.
Problems of using the Infant Mortality Rate
• It is just an average and does not show extremes.
• It does not take into account regional differences.
Physical Quality of Life Index
• This was first used in 1977
• Combines figures for life expectancy, literacy rates and infant
mortality.
• PQLI concentrates on social rather than economic
development
• Useful as a counterbalance to the emphasis on economic
development prevalent at the time
• Has now been widely replaced by the HDI
Human Development Index
• The HDI was first used in
1990 by the UN
• Attempts to combine a
range of economic and
social indicators.
• Uses adjusted income per
capita, educational
attainment and life
expectancy at birth.
• The best score is 1 and the
poorest is 0.
• A major advantage of this
indicator is that it allows
direct comparisons to be
made between countries.
How Do We Measure Development?
Population
Indicators
Health Indicators
Other
% of
%
%
% Living
Infant
Life
Peopl
Death
Adults Adult Employed in Towns
Mortalit Expectan e Per
Rate
with Literac
in
and
y
cy
Doctor
HIV/AIDS
y
Farming Cities
GDP
(US$)
Birth
Rate
USA
40,100
14
8
7
78
182
0.6
97
0.7
80
UK
29,600
11
10
5
79
476
0.2
99
2
89
Japan 29,400
Brazil
8,100
China 6,700
9
16
12
9
6
7
3
30
24
81
72
72
< 0.1
0.7
0.1
99
86
91
5
20
49
65
83
39
Kenya 1,100
40
15
61
48
7
85
75
39
41
13
83
50
500
476
625
10,00
0
49,11
8
11
62
85
19
Malawi
800
Development and Health:
Contrasts between and
within Countries
Penicuik High School
Higher Geography
Contrasts in Development
(Between Countries)
There are many reasons for contrasts in development.
There can also be contrasts within an individual country with rural and
urban contrasts common in developing countries.
Remote, isolated and scattered rural populations are less likely to have
access to services such as clean water and sanitation than those in
urban areas.
Contrasts in Development
(Between Countries)
Geographical Isolation. It is easier to provide services to the population
of a small country such as Singapore than that of a large country such as
China. Countries far away from the sea can not trade as easily.
E.g.Chad, Niger
Natural Resources. Some countries have vast reserves of minerals (Oil in
Nigeria), whilst others such as Chad have few natural resources.
Climate. Areas with less extreme climates are more attractive to
settlement and therefore development (SE Brazil compared to the
rainforest or drought in the Sahel which limits agricultural production).
Trading Links. Some countries have developed more rapidly due to their
favourable locations in terms of trade e.g. Singapore and Taiwan have
benefited from being on the shipping routes between Asian markets and
the Europe and America.
Contrasts in Development
(Between Countries)
History. Some LEDCs have developed more rapidly as a result of their historic
links with former colonial powers (India with the UK).
Political corruption or bias. Certain regions of a country may lose out on
foreign investment due to corruption within the Government (President
Mugabe of Zimbabwe .
Government Investment. In Zimbabwe Aid and assistance from the
government is targeted towards certain favoured areas (areas that voted for
the presidents party) of a country, thus enabling those areas to develop more
rapidly than others.
Unequal distribution of resources. The bulk of a country’s wealth may be
concentrated in the hands of a minority of the population (Oil wealth in Saudi
Arabia).
Contrasts in Development
(Between Countries)
War or conflict. Conflicts are expensive and may use resources that
may otherwise have been ploughed into services such as health
care or education (18 years of Civil War in Mozambique in the 1980s1990s). Afghanistan for the past 30 years. Syria for the past 3 years.
Rural-urban contrasts. Contrasts between rural and urban areas
are common in most developing countries. Remote, isolated and
scattered rural communities are less likely to have access to basic
services than the population living in urban areas.
In times of crisis, such as the Pakistan Earthquake of 2005,
inaccessible rural populations are less likely to receive help from
international aid agencies.
Video clip BBC bite size