Transcript Lecture Roma 3

Family Farming and Rural Poverty Reduction
Francesco Pierri – Policy Officer, Head of the Advocacy Unit
Partnerships, Advocacy and Capacity Development Division (OPC)
Master in Human Development and Food Security
University of Roma Tre
Rome, 7 July 2016
PARTNERSHIPS, ADVOCACY AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT DIVISION (OPC)
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FAMILY FARMING : DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS
'‘A mean of organizing agricultural, forestry, fisheries,
pastoral and aquaculture production which is managed
and operated by a family and predominantly reliant on
family capital and labour, including both women’s and
men’s. The family and the farm are linked, co-evolve and
combine economic, environmental, social and cultural
functions'' (FAO, 2014).
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FAMILY FARMING : DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS
Often used as a synonym for:
•
Small-scale farming (farms defined by cultivated land area);
•
Subsistence farming (farms defined by production purpose);
•
Peasant agriculture (farms defined by its community roots and by its autonomy from industrial
inputs).
Used according to different objectives:
It offers an ideological framework for the protection of lifestyles;
a normative framework for the promotion of policies;
an academic framework to foster knowledge production about the way in which agriculture
works (Sourisseau et al., 2014)
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FAMILY FARMING : CRITERIA
LABOR
MARKET
APPROACH
SCALE AND
SCOPE OF
PRODUCTION
COMMON
CRITERIA AND
PARAMETERS
CAPITAL ORIGIN
AND TRANSMISION
MANAGEMENT
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FAMILY FARMING :CATEGORIES
i.
Family Farming with a clear market-oriented production;
ii.
Semi – capitalized FF, with difficulties of access to some markets, such as the financial market
and the production factors, majorly land access and land tenure;
iii.
Subsistence FF that faces difficulties when trying to access land or in its tenure, with no
capital and great difficulties to access formal credit, low or nil level of association, below the
poverty line;
iv.
Subsistence FF that fails to cover the family’s basic needs, irregular tenure of land; they sell
their labour off farm, receive help from the State, as policies for the social and production
promotion. Family work is partly off- and partly on-farm. Below the poverty line;
v.
Rural wage earners that are also family farmers, with informal and/or irregular access and
tenure of land;
vi.
Forms of common use of land in partnership. Labor and production cooperatives, and
community work on State-owned land;
vii.
Indigenous communities – native populations – racial communities, shepherds, nomadic
shepherds and gatherers.
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SOME FIGURES AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL
•
More than 570 million farms in the world, constituting more than 90 percent of farms;
•
Family farms occupy 50 up to 75 percent of farm land (FAO, 2014a) and produce more
than 80 percent of the world’s food in value terms (FAO, 2014a);
•
These factors make family farming the predominant form of food production both in
developed and developing countries;
•
The vast majority of the world’s farms are small or very small, and in many lower income
countries farm size is becoming even smaller;
•
Worldwide, farms of less than 1 hectare account for 72 percent of all farms but
control only 8 percent of all agricultural land (FAO, 2014a).
PARTNERSHIPS, ADVOCACY AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT DIVISION (OPC)
THE VAST MAJORITY OF THE WORLD’S FARMS
ARE SMALL OR VERY SMALL
• Less than 1 ha: 72% of all
farms - 8% of all
agricultural land
• Between 1 and 2 ha: 12%
of all farms - 4% of the
land
• 2 to 5 ha: 10% of all farms
– 7% of the land.
• More than 50 ha: only 1%
of all farms – 65% of the
world’s agricultural land.
(FAO, 2013)
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REGIONAL DIVERSITY OF HOLDING SIZE PATTERNS IN THE
81-COUNTRY SUBSET OF FAO-WCA
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INDIA AND CHINA
• 59% of the world’s family
farms is located in India
(24%) and China (35%)
• Family farms smaller
than 1 ha are almost 95%
in China and more than
60% in India
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FAMILY FARMING IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
• Family farms feed and employ two-thirds of the population and work 62
percent of the utilized agricultural land;
• About 60 percent of the farms are smaller than 1 hectare, and make up
close to 20 percent of the farmland;
• 95 percent of farms are smaller than 5 hectares and make up the majority
of farmland in the region (FAO, 2014).
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FAMILY FARMING IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
• The region holds 60 percent of the world’s population and 70 percent of
the world’s family farmers;
• Family Farmers work the 85 percent of the total arable land;
• They run 80 to 90 percent of aquaculture farms and producing 80 percent
of the region’s food;
• Women play a major role by contributing up to 85 percent of the work in
family farms (FAO, 2015).
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FAMILY FARMING IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
There are substantial differences among sub regions (Central Asia and the European Union)
and countries across the region.
Family farms in the European Union, apart from France, account for more than 85 per
cent of all farms.
One third to one half of the population lives in rural areas in the European Union;
These farms are struggling to survive given an ageing farming population, with only 7
percent of farmers below 35 years (FAO, 2015)
Nearly two thirds of the population lives in rural areas in Central Asia – and most of these people
are involved in agriculture, predominantly family farming.
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FAMILY FARMING IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
More than 80 percent of farms are family farms that account for more than 60 percent of
agricultural workforce
Family farms contribute to more than 70 percent to the consumed food in the region;
Family farms further account for 12 to 67 percent of the arable land;
Moreover, the region is experiencing an increasing share of women engaged in
agriculture, with female producers increasing by over five percentage points over the past
decade (Salcedo et al., 2014).
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FAMILY FARMING IN NEAR EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
About 40 percent of the region’s population lives and works in rural areas and nearly 85
percent of agricultural land holdings are farmed by families.
More than 80 percent of agricultural production is provided by small-scale family
farming .
Family farms control only 25 percent of arable land, and the average size of a family farm
in the region is less than 2 hectares and is steadily decreasing.
Between 25 and 40 percent of the labour on family farms is provided by
women and their role is increasingly important, especially given the steady increase in male
out-migration (FAO, 2014).
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INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF FAMILY FARMING (IYFF 2014)
•
Policy dialogue at local, regional and international levels around the world: Member
States, United Nations agencies, organizations and international networks of family farmers,
civil society organizations, academia and research, private sector.
•
Regional Dialogue on Family Farming in the Near East and North Africa (Tunis, 20 – 21
November 2013) and Global Dialogue, (Rome, 27 - 29 November 2014): discussion on the
main challenges at regional and global levels and on policies to be implemented.
•
National Committees for the IYFF have been created in around 50 countries, involving more
than 650 organisations.
•
More than 500 meetings, workshops or conferences on Family Farming have been
organised over the year across the world.
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INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF FAMILY FARMING: LEGACY
•
Formulation and improvement of national and regional policies,
programs and activities, and institutional arrangements in
support of Family Farming, including smallholder farming;
•
The Family Farming Knowledge Platform
(http://www.fao.org/family-farming/en/), a comprehensive and
up-to-date digital collection of policy, scientific, legal and statistical
information on Family Farming, to support policy making and
exchange of experiences;
•
Family farming was included in the follow-up on the Zero Hunger
Challenge in 2012, in the Second International Conference on
Nutrition (ICN2) in 2014 and in the preparation for the United
Nations Post-2015 Development Agenda and the
SDGs.
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FAMILY FARMING AND THE SDGS
The recognition of Family Farming’s centrality is showed by many different goals and
targets, that constitutes an integrated, indivisible set of global priorities that address
Family Farming in all its dimensions relevant to sustainable development
SDG 2 - a specific target (2.3), is
dedicated to the strengthening of
family farmers, thereby recognising
their central role in combining
environmental sustainability and
food security
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FAMILY FARMING WITHIN FAO’S STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Strategic Objectives:
•
Mainly SO3: Reduce rural
poverty
•
Family Farming is also
relevant for the other SOs
and related activities
Regional Initiatives
•
All the Initiatives deal with
the root causes of family
farmers’ vulnerability
•
Three Initiatives directly
address Family Farming as
their main theme.
PARTNERSHIPS, ADVOCACY AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT DIVISION (OPC)
WHY FAO’S FOCUS ON RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION?
1.
Reducing rural poverty is key to eliminating hunger and malnutrition;
2.
Between 2/3 to 3/4 of people living in extreme poverty live in rural areas;
–
3.
Vast majority in East Asia, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa
Despite recent economic growth, inequalities still pervasive, between economic classes,
rural and urban areas, regions, ethnic groups and men and women;
–
Women have unequal access to and control over productive assets and income
4.
Most of the poor depend on agriculture, livestock, fishing or forest resources for their
livelihoods;
5.
Five hundred million smallholder farms worldwide support around two billion people, or
one third of humanity;
6.
Pro-poor growth starts in agriculture;
7.
We are guided by the SDGs (leave no one behind):
–
Elimination of extreme poverty in all its forms; reduction at least by half of men, women
and children living in poverty by 2030
PARTNERSHIPS, ADVOCACY AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT DIVISION (OPC)
GLOBAL TRENDS AFFECTING RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION AND
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
•
•
•
•
•
•
Growing population;
Precarious urbanization;
Increasing scarcity of natural resources;
Arising competition for access and use of resources;
Mass international, regional and domestic migrations;
Climate change effects and increasing vulnerability
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TRENDS IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
•
Land reforms remain incomplete and unfinished
–Prevalence of small farms in farm structure and output
–Absence of property rights and lack of transparency in land deals
•
Per capita food production and consumption rose (at different rate)
–Individualization of agriculture has contributed to sector growth (yield increases),
–Food self-sufficiency as FF survival strategy and response to risky market, but...
–... still, substantial levels of malnourishment in some countries
•
•A growing climate change- related risks and environmental challenges in all
countries
–Low overall collective (local communities, marginalised, mountainous) and individual (farmers)
capacity to adapt to the impacts of climate change
–Poorly managed irrigation and drainage systems, limited investments, lack of support from and
access to extension services
–Linkages between gender and climate change adaptation - KG, TJK;
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TRENDS IN THE NEAR EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
•
Pressing need to increase the production while minimizing its arduousness, and
the impact on the fragile environment
•
Opportunities to exit agriculture in rural areas are limited.
•
Lack of ability to provide decent employment to younger generations is a
guarantee of long-term stability and growth
•
Security in general is a major concern: climate change, conflicts and migrations
caused by deteriorating living conditions, particularly in rural and marginalized
areas are at the centre of the problems in the region.
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BEYOND STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION
• The canonical pathway of structural transformation (exit of workers from
agriculture towards industry and services) is deeply changed by the
characteristics of modern globalization and relative competitiveness.
• Increasing land productivity is not sufficient. Part time agriculture, offfarms activities and economic diversification are key issues for small scale
farmers
• Agriculture cannot remain only a “passive” tank of manpower for others
sectors.
• Demographics matters, important at country level in order to benefit from
the demographic dividend (bonus) in some countries
• The agricultural sector has to assume its part in providing decent rural
jobs.
• Policy matters not only agricultural sector development but inclusive
“territorial & rural development” both crucial to develop rural
alternatives.
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CLASSIC PATTERNS OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES HAVE NOT
OCCURRED IN ALL REGIONS WORLDWIDE
(de Janvry and Sadoulet, 2011)
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INCREASING SHARE OF NON AGRICULTURAL INCOME
WITH STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION
Share of non agricultural income
60
0
20
20
40
40
(%)
(%)
60
80
80
Share of on farm income
6
7
8
6
9
7
Africa
Overall Trend
8
GDP (log)
GDP (log)
Africa
Overall Trend
Non-Africa
50
But many keep a foot in
agriculture
60
70
(%)
80
90
100
Participation in on farm activities
6
7
8
9
GDP (log)
Participation Africa
Overall Trend
Participation Non-Africa
(de Janvry and Sadoulet, 2011)
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Non-Africa
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REDUCTION
IN ON FARM SPECIALIZATION
WITH STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION
Share with diversified income portfolio
20
40
(%)
40
0
0
20
(%)
60
60
80
80
Share specializing on farm
6
7
8
6
9
7
Africa
Overall Trend
8
9
GDP (log)
GDP (log)
Africa
Overall Trend
Non-Africa
Share specializing non agricultural wage
Non-Africa
10
0
0
5
5
10
(%)
(%)
15
15
20
20
25
Share specializing non agricultural self employment
6
7
8
GDP (log)
Africa
Overall Trend
9
6
7
8
GDP (log)
Non-Africa
Africa
Overall Trend
(de Janvry and Sadoulet, 2011)
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Non-Africa
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THE POOREST ARE AGRICULTURAL
WAGE LABORERS; THE BEST OFF ARE
NON AGRICULTURAL WAGE AND SELF EMPLOYED
(Malawi 2011, Tanzania 2011, Uganda 2011)
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STYLIZED STRUCTURE OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS
(AGRICULTURE=CROP, LIVESTOCK, FISHERIES, FOREST)
1.
2.
3.
Medium to large commercial farms (<5%)
Small-scale commercial farms (<10%)
Emergent small-scale commercial farms (30-40%)
–
4.
Subsistence farms (30-50%)
–
–
5.
6.
•
•
•
Face constraints from making transition to market-oriented farms (land, credit, insurance,
voice, etc)
Not likely to provide sustainable pathway out of poverty
Depend on agriculture for subsistence—vital safety net for income and food security
Landless (natural resourceless) households depending primarily on wage labour
(<10%)
Other hard core extreme poor
Continuum from net sellers to net buyers
Within categories 3 to 6, range of productive potential
Households in categories 3 to 6 invest in agricultural production
PARTNERSHIPS, ADVOCACY AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT DIVISION (OPC)
WHY STRENGTHENING FAMILY FARMING TO ACHIEVE
POVERTY REDUCTION?
A challenging goal at the global level : providing a growing population
with sufficient and quality food, without threatening the already
depleted natural resource base.
Sustainability as the basis for the needed structural transformation of
the agri-food systems, in order to:
• ensure food and nutrition security,
• preserve the environment
• provide jobs and social development opportunities for rural
communities
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WHY STRENGTHENING FAMILY FARMING TO ACHIEVE
POVERTY REDUCTION?
Support to family farms allows to cope with the challenges related to sustainability in
its different dimensions:
Economic sustainability: FF represent the largest source of employment worldwide,
enhancing rural livelihoods, providing economic opportunities in rural areas, and
representing an opportunity to boost local economies, as their incremental generated
income is spent on housing, education, clothing, and other sectors of the local nonfarm economy.
Environmental sustainability: FF act as the custodians of a finely adapted
understanding of local ecologies and land capabilities, and sustaining productivity on
often marginal lands through complex and innovative land management techniques
that combine local knowledge with modern technology.
Social sustainability: the existence of family farms are the first guarantees of
maintaining culture, diversity and identity as a fundamental part of the social capital
and cultural heritage in rural areas.
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HOW STRENGTHENING FAMILY FARMING TO ACHIEVE POVERTY REDUCTION?
FAO’S APPROACH ( SP3)
A multi-pronged approach consisting of three outcome areas:
• Access through empowerment of smallholders and family farmers to
attain sustainable economic livelihoods from agriculture and natural
resources through strengthening rural institutions and farmer producer
organizations, improving rural services and links to markets;
• Rural employment creation, in order to augment on-farm and off-farm
livelihoods;
• Strengthened social protection systems in rural areas and economies to
reduce rural poverty while building resilience to risks and disasters.
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HOW STRENGTHENING FAMILY FARMING TO ACHIEVE POVERTY REDUCTION?
LINKING AGRICULTURAL AND SOCIAL PROTECTION POLICIES
Agricultural and social protection policies are both fundamental levers to
overcome rural poverty:
helping small farmers to improve productivity is one important vehicle, but in
most contexts is not enough to lift all rural poor out of poverty, which in turn
limit agricultural productivity itself.
Providing social protection and pursuing agricultural development in an
integrated way offers synergies that can increase the effectiveness of both:
Better social protection can positively influence the investment decisions of
poor households, helping poor farmers to overcome liquidity and credit
constraints, invest in productive activities build assets and manage risks more
effectively.
These benefits spread beyond the immediate recipients to their communities
and the broader economy as recipients purchase food, agricultural inputs and
other rural goods and services.
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HOW STRENGTHENING FAMILY FARMING TO ACHIEVE POVERTY REDUCTION?
TOWARDS A NEW RURAL DEVELOPMENT APPROACH
• A coherent strategy aimed at strengthening family farming goes beyond
strictly agricultural policies
• Territorial development to be tailored in accordance with local realities.
• Transform and upgrade public intervention in rural areas, abandoning the
belief that agricultural productivity and economic development should be
primarily driven by the private sector.
• Development of effective and sustainable instruments to support young
farmers is a central question to solve, including simplification of the
regulatory and legislative framework, and financial support for start-up costs.
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Thank you
for your attention
[email protected]
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