Transcript The Feminine Mystique

The State, the Unions, and the
Fairer Sex:
The Twentieth Century American
Economy
Today’s Plan
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Setting the Stage
The New Century
The Roaring ’20s
A New Deal
Cold War Prosperity
The Second Shift
Malaise and Morning
Legacy
Our Focus
• The Government
– Including (especially) the legal regime
• Labor
– Organized and otherwise
• Women
– Their role in the economy
Setting the Stage
The Law
• Autonomous Individuals
• Liberty of Contract
– So no regulation
• Freedom of Trade
– So no outside interference
– Court injunctions against picketing, etc.
• The Lochner Era
The Octopus
The Plight of (Southern) Farmers
• Sharecropping
• Falling (and
unstable) cotton
prices
• Railroad and
interest rates
• Anti-Trust Law
• Railroad Reg.
Labor and Women
• The Pullman Strike
– Eugene V. Debs
Retrenchment
• Labor: Samuel Gompers
– American Federation of Labor (AFL)
• Suffrage: Carrie Chapman Catt
– National American Woman Suffrage
Association
The New Century
1900 Occupations
1900 Occupations
1900 Occupations
James Duval Phelan
• Mayor of San
Francisco
• 1901 Challenges
– Carnegie Gift
– San Francisco
Waterfront Strike
Urban Unrest
Los Angeles Times Bombing (1910)
• 20 Dead, 17 Injured
Industrial Disasters
• Triangle Fire
(1911)
– Triangle Shirtwaist
Company
– 146 Dead
Women Workers
Fordism
Progressive Constitution
• 16th Amendment: Income Tax
• 19th Amendment: Women’s Suffrage
• Maternalist Welfare v. Liberty of Contract
Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt
• “Trust-Buster”
• Railroad Regulation
• Pure Food and Drug Act,
Meat Inspection Act
• New Nationalism
Eugene V. Debs
“While there is a lower class, I am in it,…
while there is a soul in prison, I am not free.”
• Reform Socialism
– Gov’t Control of
RR, Banks
– Unemployment &
Min. Wage
– Education
• Populist & Labor
Communities
Wilson’s Economic Policy
• Lower Tarriff, Gov’t
Loans for Farmers
• Protecting unions from
anti-trust laws
• New Freedom
Wilson’s Big Government
• WWI
– Espionage and
Sedition Acts
– Debs in jail, again
• Red Scare
– Crippling Labor
Roaring ’20s
“Silent Cal” Coolidge
“The chief business of the American people is business”
• Return to “normalcy”
• Welfare Capitalism
• The American Plan
ERA Debate
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Document 1
What strikes you?
What surprises you?
What puzzles you?
What connections do you see to other
historical events/documents?
A New Deal
First New Deal
• Emergency Banking Act
• Glass-Steagall Act
• “Alphabet Soup” of Keynesian Economics
– FDIC, NRA, CCC, TVA, AAA, FHA, SEC, etc.
Second New Deal
• Economic Security
– Wagner Act
– Social Security Act
• Holes in the Safety Net
– Domestic & Agricultural Workers
– Southern Veto
The Supreme Court Objects
• Interstate Commerce Clause (A1,S8,C3)
– “To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations,
and among the several States, and with the
Indian Tribes;”
• Court Fight/Packing
• Economic Recovery/Security trumps
Liberty of Contract
• In economic rights, class trumps individual
The New Deal and the Unions
• Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
– United Auto Workers (UAW)
• National Labor
Relations Board
(NLRB)
• “The President
Wants You to
Organize!”
Women
Modern Liberalism
• Balancing
– Cultural Pluralism/Civil Liberties
– Socially Conscious State/Economic Planning
Cold War Prosperity
Global U.S. Economy
• Military Keynesianism
• Dollar as the Global Benchmark Currency
• Economic Dominance Replaced Colonial
Dominance
“Godless Communism”
• An offense to America’s religious ideals
– As a “Christian Nation”
– The second of the Four Freedoms
• A challenge to Free Enterprise
– “socialized”
1950s Consensus
• Modern Republicanism
– Moderated expansion of
New Deal
• Consensus
– Individualism
– Private Property
– Defense Spending
The Kitchen Debate
• American Exhibition
in Moscow
• Richard Nixon &
Nikita Khrushchev
• Consumer Freedom
and the People’s
Capitalism
The Freeway System
Suburbanization
• Federal Housing
Administration
• G.I. Bill
• Defense
Spending
• Freeway
Family
• Women/Housewives
• Cold War Weapon
• Center of:
– Consumption
– Leisure
– Sexual Pleasure
Turning the Tide on Labor
• Post-WWII Unionism
– 1955 AFL-CIO Merger
– Slowing growth from 1950-1970
• Taft-Hartley
• Right-to-Work movement
Ronald Reagan
• New Deal Democrat
– Actor/Spokesperson
• FDR, Army, Truman
– Union Leader
• SAG
– Liberal Anti-Communist
• G.E. Spokesman
– Value of business
– Limited government, anti-tax message
Young Americans for Freedom
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Document 2
What strikes you?
What surprises you?
What puzzles you?
What connections do you see to other
historical events/documents?
The Second Shift
The Great Society
• Speech at Howard University
• Medicaid & Medicare
• Cabinet-Level Positions
• The War on Poverty
– Food Stamps & Job Training
Second Wave Feminism
• Betty Friedan’s The
Feminine Mystique
• Equal Pay Act
• Civil Rights Act of
1964
– Equal Employment
Opportunity
Commission
(EEOC)
Percent of Women in the Labor
Wage Force
70%
60%
50%
All
White
Nonwhite
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1890 1920 1940 1960 1980 1999
Percent of Married Women in the
Wage Labor Force
70%
60%
50%
40%
Married
Women
30%
20%
10%
0%
1890 1920 1940 1960 1980 1999
Women as Percentage of Total
Wage Labor Force
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Total
Workforce
1890 1920 1940 1960 1980 1999
United Farm Workers (UFW)
Dolores Huerta
Cesar Chavez
Nixon’s New Federalism
• Restoring the balance between Federal and
State governments
Actual Policy Changes:
• Environment
– Environmental Protection Agency
– Clear Air Act, Clean Water Act
– Endangered Species Act
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA)
• Title IX
Malaise and Morning
The Decline of Cold War Prosperity
• Stagflation
• Decline of
Manufacturing
• Rise of Sunbelt
1970s Political Battles
• ERA
– Liberation/
Maternalist
Divide
• Tax Revolt
– Prop 13
Reagan Revolution
Reaganomics
• Supply-side/trickle-down economics
• Anti-union (air traffic controllers)
• Success in:
– Business profitability
– Rate of inflation
– Stock market
Reaganomics
• Deindustrialization
• Growing economic
divides
Federalist Society
• 1982, in opposition to “orthodox liberal
ideology which advocates a centralized
and uniform society.”
• Supreme Court: Chief Justice Roberts and
Justices Scalia, Thomas, Alito
Legacy
The New Economy, 1
• Clinton-era prosperity
– Rising wages
– Low unemployment
– Rising stock market
– Federal budget surplus
• Deregulation
– Repeal of Glass-Steagall
• Tech Bubble (2000)
The New Economy, 2
• 2002 Recession
– “Jobless Recovery”
– Bush Tax Cuts
• 2008 Financial Meltdown
– “subprime” mortgages
– Mortgage-backed securities
• Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)
Income Inequality
Unemployment
Unemployment
Unemployment
Unemployment