Transcript CITIES - Sustainable Energy Africa

STATE OF ENERGY
IN SOUTH AFRICAN CITIES
Cities are a very energy intensive part of the
South African
nationalCities
profile Context
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Report reviewed 18 cities
and towns including South
Africa’s 8 metros
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These municipalities are
home to 50% of SA’s
population yet occupy only
4.5% of the country’s land
area
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South Africa is rapidly
urbanising with majority of
the nation (64%) residing in
urban areas
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South Africa’s 8 metros
alone are home to 40% of
the national population
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CITIES - A Very Energy Intensive Part of the National
Profile
The 18 cities and towns reviewed, account for:
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over 1/3 of national energy consumption
close to 50% national electricity consumption
50% of the country’s petrol and diesel consumption
close to 1/3 or more of national carbon emissions
Produce approximately 70% of the country’s economic
wealth
These dense urban centres have a fundamental role to play in
the low carbon, economic and energy development of South
Africa and are considered to be the ‘backbone’ of the
country’s economy.
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Metropolitan Municipality Energy Profile
The major fuels typically consumed in the metros
are:
• Liquid fuels - petrol and diesel account
for almost 50% of total municipal energy
consumption.
• Electricity - 31%
.
• The Transport sector dominates energy
consumption at the city level using predominantly
diesel and petrol – 62%
• The residential, commercial, government and
industrial sectors use electricity for lighting,
heating, cooling and cooking consuming 33%.
Metropolitan Municipality Carbon Emissions Profile
When examining the energy profile from a climate change emissions perspective the picture is
somewhat different • electricity consumption by the residential, commercial and industrial sectors dominates the picture
compared to the transport sector. This is because electricity is generated from coal and the emissions per
unit of energy are higher than liquid fuels.
The 10 Key Findings
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1. Energy Consumption Has Increased in Absolute Terms
Absolute growth in energy consumption is expected in a developing country context
and this is driven by population and economic growth.
2. Electricity Consumption has Declined in the Metros
since 2007
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Electricity consumption has declined since
2007 in response to the electricity supply
crisis and high price increases.
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The downward trend may also be due to
the introduction of sustainable energy
interventions.
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While price increases do lead to behaviour
changes which is good for improved energy
efficiency, it is detrimental for the poor in
terms of affordability.
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3. Energy Intensity* Of The Economy Appears To Be
Steadily Improving in the Metros
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While the economy and population are
growing in these urban centres, a decline in
energy intensity can be observed over
time.
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Between 2004 and 2011, the metros’
economy grew by an average annual rate
of 4.2%, while energy consumption grew by
1.8%.
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This trend reflects a slight decoupling of
economic growth from energy consumption
which is very significant in a developing
context and could indicate that resources
are being used more efficiently.
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The lower the energy intensity, the more
robust the economy is to price increases
and price shocks within the sector.
• Energy intensity is the amount of energy consumed
to produce a unit of economic value .
4. Emission Intensity* Of The Economy Is Decreasing In
The Metros
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Carbon emissions per capita is a common global
indicator of emissions levels for a country or city.
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Overall South African metros display lower values than
the country overall as most large industries (e.g. steel
manufacturing plants, aluminium smelters, etc.) are
located outside the metros.
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Metros have experienced a decrease in emissions
intensity per capita between 2007 and 2011. This drop
is most likely associated with a decrease in electricity
consumption post-2007/8 at the onset of national
electricity supply crisis.
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A slight decoupling of economic growth from emissions
is apparent in the metros over time.
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Critical question: what extent is this decline due to a
systemic shift (in line with the low-carbon energy
policies) and to what extent is it due to a temporary
shift in response to more immediate pressures, such
as the national electricity crisis in 2008 and the sharply
increasing electricity prices?
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If this is a temporary shift, then once the crisis is over or
price increases stabilise, the decoupling could weaken
or stop altogether.
* Emissions intensity is the amount of carbon emissions generated from the use of
energy to produce a unit of economic output.
5. Progress in Household Energy Access and
Affordability But Challenges Remain
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Household energy access is about connection to safe, reliable and
affordable energy and has a direct influence on human welfare and
development.
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Whilst 85% of South Africa’s households are electrified compared to
36% in 1994, continued growth in urban informal households has
meant that governments target of universal access has been delayed
to 97% by 2025.
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Many households continue to rely on dirty fuels for cooking due to
affordability despite government measures such as the Free Basic
Electricity subsidy.
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Severe health burden associated with the use of dirty fuels (coal,
wood, paraffin, dung) confronts the country.
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Challenges however remain in reaching universal access to energy,
building thermally efficient houses for the poor close to places of
employment and amenities, and enabling the poor to afford safe
energy sources.
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6. An Emerging Municipal Led Renewable Energy
Space
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Renewable energy use is still in its infancy and its
contributions are negligible compared to Eskom coal
supplied electricity.
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However substantial local level renewable energy
development is underway in South African municipalities
despite cities not having a clear mandate to generate
electricity.
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Municipalities themselves have potential renewable
energy resources, including landfill gas, sewage
methane and micro-hydro on water distribution
systems and solar PV rooftop generation.
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Challenges do remain in rolling out at scale due to
revenue impacts for municipalities and an unclear
regulatory framework relating to small scale embedded
generation from renewable energy means.
1.2 Megawatt rooftop solar PV installation at12Black
River Parkway Business Park – Cape Town
7. Substantial Drive in Energy Efficiency Underway in
South African Municipalities
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The country has seen an enormous shift in energy
efficiency implementation driven particularly within
the residential sector.
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Municipalities are undertaking specific energy
efficiency programmes focussing on street lighting,
traffic lighting, building energy efficiency retrofits
and retrofit of low income households with solar
water heaters.
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Municipalities are promoting efficiency measures in
commercial and residential sectors.
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8. Little Change in South Africa’s Urban Form
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The urban spatial form and its influence on mobility plays a
crucial role in the productivity of city economies. Their ability
to be resource efficient and in particular energy efficient has
an impact on infrastructure investment.
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Since 1994, the development of South African cities has
largely reinforced the apartheid spatial form of sprawling, lowdensity urban spaces, with inefficient and expensive transport
systems and reduced access to urban amenities and
economic opportunities for many households.
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While a few urban areas have progressive Spatial
Development frameworks or regulations, in general the
urban form is not becoming more efficient.
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(DoT 2011)
This is perpetuated through a lack of intergovernmental
coordination relating to public and freight transport planning.
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Urban Form and Transport are Inextricably Linked
These images clearly show the inefficiency (space and energy-intensive) of private
vehicles in comparison with bicycles and public transport modes
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9. Attempts have been made in Improving Public Transport
but Impact has been Small
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The transport sector is typically responsible for around 50% of total
energy use in urban areas.
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In spite of several important public transport interventions such as
the Gautrain and BRT systems, urban transport is still characterised
by inefficient, congested roads and a dependence on private
vehicles.
Typical metros passenger transport energy consumption
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Low densities particularly amongst the mid to high-income areas,
urban sprawl and the marginal location of poor communities
contribute to non-viability of the public transport system and result in
longer commutes and higher real expenditure on transport by
households.
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Given that shifts in urban form are a critical component of
sustainable transport implementation, cooperation between the
spatial planning and transport departments in an important future
focus area.
Typical metros passenger transport passenger numbers
10. Significant Shifts in Sustainable Energy
Governance
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The concept of sustainable energy governance has expanded in local government – sustainable
energy policy, institutional capacity development and project implementations have grown exponentially
in South African cities.
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A national, SALGA-led Local Government Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Strategy has been
developed for support and scale-up sustainable energy development in municipalities.
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In keeping with this strategic direction, many municipalities are looking at improving service delivery, such
as through building efficiency, BRT and waste-to-energy facilities. However, without external support,
most municipalities struggle to attend to longer term, sustainability projects because of the pressing
demands of day-to-day service delivery.
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Way forward
Cities can provide an opportunity for a better life for
all if managed well. This requires that sustainable
energy work is successfully institutionalised in
municipal practice through associated capacity
development and greater coordination between
national and local government.
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Thank You
The full report on the State of Energy in South African Cities 2015 is
available at:
www.cityenergy.org.za
www.sustainable.org.za