Transcript Core-Periphery Model - Baylor School Moodle

Unit 9
DEVELOPMENT
CATEGORILLA
THE HAVES and the HAVE NOTS
(TOP TEN
MOST
and LEAST
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES)
GROUNDING
Until now, we’ve looked at the distribution of human demographic and cultural
patterns across space and their methods of diffusion.
DEMOGRAPHICS
POPULATION
MIGRATION
CULTURE/ETHNICITY
ARTIFACTS
MENTIFACTS
SOCIOFACTS
POP/FOLK CULTURE
LANGUAGE
RELIGION
POLITICAL
GEOGRAPHY
The rest of the course looks at the distribution of human ECONOMIC patterns and
their methods of diffusion.
ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
AGRICULTURE
INDUSTRY
SERVICES
DEVELOPMENT
The most fundamental economic pattern is the division of the world into regions of relative wealth and relative poverty.
To measure wealth, the earth’s 193 states are classified according to their level of DEVELOPMENT (the process of improving the material
conditions of a population through the diffusion of knowledge and technology).
Countries tend to cluster towards the ends of the development continuum, and so mast are classified as either:
MORE Developed Countries (MDCs)
(or developed countries)
LESS Developed Countries (LDCs)
(or developing/emerging countries)
HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
INDEX
To measure levels of development, in 1990 the United Nations created a model called the Human Development Index (HDI).
The HDI measures a state’s development based on a combination of three CLASSES of factors:
ECONOMIC
(1: GDP per capita)
SOCIAL
(2: literacy, education)
DEMOGRAPHIC
(1: life expectancy)
The four combined factors create a country’s HDI, and the highest possible score is 100% (or 1.0 on the scale).
MACRO-CULTURAL
REGIONS
Remember the macro-cultural regions that we’ve discussed before.
They are basically these (but we’ve altered them slightly):
HDI BY REGION
Remember the Brandt
Line and the NorthSouth Split.
Countries and regions
north of the Brandt
Line tend to be MDC’s.
Countries and regions
south of the Brandt
Line tend to be LDCs.
HDI BY REGION
When viewed from the north pole, the Brandt
Line forms (roughly) a circle.
Countries inside the circle are called “The
Core.” Countries outside the circle are called
“The Periphery.”
THE PERIPHERY
Also remember:
IMMANUUEL WALLERSTEIN’S
CORE/PERIPHERY THEORY (also called
WORLD SYSTEMS ANALYSIS)
It states:
--that there are three tiers of states (core,
semi-periphery and periphery)
THE CORE
--that both people and goods tend to move
from the semi-periphery and periphery to the
core.
--that states are fixed in their tiers
--that there will always be uneven
development so that core countries are
developed and periphery and semi-periphery
countries will lag behind
THE CORE
HDI BY REGION
HDI BY REGION
North America
Europe
US is high in GDP per capita and literacy, but
relatively low in education and life expectancy
NA once led in manufacturing but has been
overtaken by Japan, Europe and some LDCs
NA is the largest consumer market and has
highest percentage of tertiary sector workers,
especially in health and leisure as well as food
production/service
Japan
Post communism, the two halves of Europe
have joined, and the EU is now the world’s
largest and wealthiest market
Europe has 17 of the top 25 HDIs, but eastern
European countries still lag behind
Due to high population and modest resources,
the region is dependent on foreign trade and
has focused on exporting high end goods and
services
US is world’s leading food exporter
The recent global recession has shaken the
stability of the EU due to large debt in some
member countries (called the PIGS)
Japan’s development is notable because it has
an unfavorable population to resource ratio
It rose because of its human capital (abundant
supply of cheap labor)
It began by selling low cost items in global
markets and then switching to high
quality/value products like cars and electronics
Japan also concentrated much of its profits
into education to develop skilled workers as
well as on research/development of products
for quality
Oceania
Russia??
The region is located in the periphery and has a
low population
Due to communism’s centrally planned
economy with prescribed production goals by
sector and region, Russia has an HDI above 0.9
It is a world leader in primary sector resource
extraction and exporting (iron, lead,
manganese, nickel, titanium, zinc) as well as
food exports to Europe.
The area’s economy is tied to most Asian
countries.
When communism fell in 1991, Russia
switched to a market economy, unemployment
soared and the standard of living for most
Russians dropped. Thus, the HDI fell below 0.8.
Russia has begun focusing on oil exports and its
HDI is slowly rising.
HDI BY REGION
Latin America
A few LA countries have high HDIs
but the majority are lower
Much of the population is coastal
and urban, and HDIs in those
areas are high
There are high income gaps in the
region, and most farmers focus
on export crops rather than
domestic food production
There are huge numbers of
working poor
East Asia
Middle East
China leads region’s economy
Economy weakened by wars but
strengthened by cheap labor
Communism helped rural poor
then focus on production/exports
Various weaknesses still hurt the
overall economy
Leading consumers of steel, coal,
copper, cement and oil and
leading producer of pollution
Central Asia
Desert region dependent on
imports, but top exporter of oil
Oil revenue is reinvested in
development, but only a few
states are oil-rich, thus huge
income gap in oil-poor states.
Values of conservative muslims
also conflict with many business
practices of MDCs (especially
education and employment of
women)
South Asia
Most states in region were
former Soviet republics
Region has very bad population to
resource ratio
Kazakhstan has relatively high HDI
due to oil and reinvested profits
Green revolution in the 1960s
increased agricultural production
(miracle rice and wheat) but is
limited due to climate
The other “stans” have relatively
low HDIs and with no oil focus on
minerals and agriculture
India drives the region (4th largest
economy) with high wheat, rice
and mineral production and also
focuses on services (call centers).
Southeast Asia
Development hindered in the
region by fragmented countries,
poor farming conditions, and
unfavorable climate.
Region focuses on grow/extract/
export manufacturing products as
well as rice.
Economy has been weakened by
wars and corruption but
strengthened by cheap labor
Sub Saharan Africa
Region is resource rich, but the
vestiges of the colonial system
and continuous wars have
weakened the economy and
development.
Political problems from postcolonial balkanization also plague
the region.
Major problem is physiological
density.
ECONOMIC
INDICATORS
INCOME MEASURES
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the value of the total output of goods and
services produced in a country in a given year.
Gross National Income (GNI) is the value of the total output of goods and services
produced in a country in one year PLUS all money coming in and going out.
The GDP per capita is figured by dividing that number by the total population.
In 2009, GDP per capita in MDCs exceeded $30,000 while it was less than $3000 in
many LDCs.
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is an adjustment made to the GNI to account for
differences between the cost of goods among countries.
KEEP IN MIND: Per capita GPD measures the mean wealth, not its actual distribution.
In an MDC, it is possible that a relative few receive much of the GDP, so that the standard of living for the majority is lower than the per capita GDP implies. This is called an
INCOME GAP. (video) It is also possible that in an LDC, the incomes are spread fairly evenly so that few are starving.
However, in general, the higher a country’s per capita GDP, the greater its potential for having a high standard of living for all its population.
ECONOMIC
INDICATORS
Other measures (NOT INCLUDED IN HDI) are helpful for determining level of development:
ECONOMIC STRUCTURE
WORKER PRODUCTIVITY
There are three primary job sectors based on the types
of jobs:
PRODUCTIVITY is the value of a product compared
to the amount of labor needed to produce it.
PRIMARY SECTOR (resource extraction)
Extracts raw materials from the earth
Productivity is measured by the value added per
capita
SECONDARY SECTOR (production)
Assembles the raw materials into goods
VALUE ADDED is the gross value of a product minus
the cost of the raw materials and the energy.
TERTIARY SECTOR (services)
Provides goods/services to the consumer
Workers in MDCs are more productive than those
in LDCs
They produce more with less effort because they
have access to more/better technology
For example, in 2009 the value added per capita
was:
Japan $7000
US $5000
China $500
India $100
ECONOMIC
SECTORS
As a state develops and industrializes, the structure of its economy changes.
PRIMARY SECTOR
SECONDARY SECTOR
A SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY is one in which
almost all people in a state are engaged in
agriculture for the sake of providing their
own food.
As a state develops, farmers gain
technology, farm size expands, but the
percentage of people in the primary
sector drops as farmers move to cities for
industrial jobs.
# OF WORKFORCE
# OF WORKFORCE
# OF WORKFORCE
TIME
TERTIARY SECTOR
TIME
As a state develops and industrializes, its
manufacturing facilities expand as the
country begins to focus on making
products to export to stage III/IV country
markets. Therefore secondary sector jobs
grow.
However, once education/wages increase
and tertiary sector jobs take off,
manufacturing jobs will decline and then
level out as many manufacturers
outsource their factories to stage II
countries with cheaper labor.
TIME
As a state develops further, increases its
education base further and extends
wealth, service sector jobs take off to
meet the demands of the state’s new,
internal market.
More consumers equal greater demands
for services.
ECONOMIC
INDICATORS
Other measures (NOT INCLUDED IN HDI) are helpful for determining level of development:
IDHI
AVAILABILITY OF GOODS
The Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index modifies
the HDI to account for inequality within a country.
Part of the wealth generated in MDCs is used to buy stuff
(goods and services)
If the IHDI is lower than the HDI, then there is inequality in the
country.
Transportation and communication goods are a particularly
good indicator of wealth…
The lower the score, the more inequality exists.
Motor vehicles, telephones, and computers enhance
businesses’ ability to sell goods as well as people’s ability to get
jobs and purchase goods
These products are available to almost all residents of MDCs
but only to a few residents of LDCs
GOOD
MDCs
/1000
LDCs/
1000
telephone
800
200
Motor vehicle
400
20
Internet Users
400
100
ECONOMIC
INDICATORS
AVAILABILITY OF GOODS
THE WORLD OF WHEELS
THE WORLD blah, blah,
blah
SOCIAL
INDICATORS
The more wealth a country has, the more money it can spend on schools, hospitals and welfare services.
The population of MDCs tends to be better educated, healthier and more insulated from hardship.
In general, the wealthier the country, the better the quantity and quality of education. The HDI uses:
EDUCATION LEVEL
LITERACY RATE
EDUCATION
MDCs
LDCs
Literacy rate
98%
<60%
DEMOGRAPHIC
INDICATORS
The HDI uses:
LIFE EXPECTANCY
DEMOGRAPHIC
INDICATORS
OTHER health indicators can be helpful as well…
VARIATION
WITHIN
COUNTRIES
The level of development can vary within a country from region to region. Some regions may look and feel like
developed countries while others lag significantly in their level of development.
These variations in development are influenced by factors such as local climate, location of natural resources,
and proximity to navigable waterways or to other, more-developed neighboring countries.
ANYWAY…
USING HDI AS A MEASURE OF DEVELOPMENT, THE TEN MOST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ARE…
1. Norway (.943)
3. Netherlands (.91)
5. New Zealand (.908)
7. Ireland (.908)
9. Germany (.905)
2. Australia (.929)
4. United States (.91)
6. Canada (.908)
8. Liechtenstein (.905)
10. Sweden (.904)
ANYWAY…
USING HDI AS A MEASURE OF DEVELOPMENT, THE TEN LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ARE…
1. DRC (.286)
3. Burundi (.316)
5. Chad (.328)
7. Burkina Faso (.331)
9.Central African Republic (.343)
2. Niger (.295)
4. Mozambique (.322)
6. Liberia (.329)
8. Sierra Leone (.336)
10. Guinea (.344)
THE BRANDT
LINE
In taking the HDI map as a whole, a pattern begins to develop. (UN HDI World Map)
IN GENERAL, a line running ROUGHLY along 30° N Latitude divided MDCs (above) from LDCs (below) which forms a NORTH-SOUTH SPLIT of
development.
This line is called THE BRANDT LINE.
CORE /
PERIPHERY
MODEL
In addition, when viewed from a point
above the north pole, the Brandt Line
and its MDCs form a rough circle.
This circle is called THE CORE.
The LDCs outside the circle form an
outer ring area called THE PERIPHERY.
The CORE-PERIPHERY MODEL states
that people, wealth and resources tend
to flow from the periphery to the core.
It goes on to classify three tiers of
country: core countries (developed),
periphery countries (less developed)
and semi-periphery countries (able to
move slightly towards developed.
In Core-Periphery Model, the tiers are
static, and core countries are enriched
by and developed because of the poor
countries.