Transcript 幻灯片 1

Social Development and its Experiences in China
Department of Social and Cultural Studies, CAG
Gong Weibin, Prof.
Outline
1. Main Achievements
2. Main transitions
3. Main experiences
1. Achievements since 1978
items
1978 yr
2012 yr
other
GDP
364.52 bil yuan
Over 8,350 bil $
second in the world
Foreign trade
20.69 bil $
3870 bil $
second in the world
Urbanization rate
17.92%
52.6%
Housing space for per city
6.7 M2
32.9 M2
8.1 M2
37.1 M2
College students
856,000
24 million
colored TV Number every
3.6（1989 yr）
115.5 (2011)
51.5（1989 yr）
135.2 (2011)
0.285 million (1990)
93.09 million (53.08 m
resident
Housing space for per
peasant
100 rural households
colored TV Number every
100 city households
private automobiles
private cars)
Main Achievements
1. Engel coefficient (2011): 36.3％ for city families, 40.4% for
peasant families.
poverty reduction in rural areas.
2. Education: 99.79% school age children at school (2011), 30%
youth (18-22 yrs old) at colleges (2012).
3. Life expectance in 2012, 75 yr old.
4. In 2008, 29th Olympic Games and Space Shuttle with astronauts
walking in space.
5. By the end of March, 2013, 1.146 billion cell phone users and
817 mobile million internet users.
New villages and cities
space shuttle with astronauts
Engel's coefficient
• Engel's coefficient--the proportion of expense on food to
the consumption expense.
• According to the FDA, UN, over 60% means absolute
poverty, 50%—59% means surviving, 40-49% means wellbeing and 30—39% means rich and 20-29% means the
richest.
Poverty in Rural Areas
Poverty line
Poverty population
Poverty Rate
(yuan/person)
(ten thousand)
(%)
1978
100
25000
30.7
1988
236
13100
11.1
1998
635
4210
4.6
2008
1196
4007
4.2
2011
2300
1.22
12.7
year
2. Main Transitions
2.1 From planned economy to market economy
2.2 From close-door to open to the outside world
2.3 From rural society to urbanization
2.4 From four modernizations to comprehensive well-off
society
2.5 From single development to scientific development
2.6 From all-round government to limited government
2.1 From planned economy to market economy
2.1.1 From1978 to 1992: Commercial economy with plan
1)
Rural reform starting the process of reform-and-open in China
2) City state-owned and collective-owned enterprises starting to reform
3) Commercial economy with plan
2.1.2 establishing market economy in 1993
1)
In the beginning of 1992, Dengxiaoping’ important talk in the south: Market
economy doesn’t equal to capitalism and market economy is also needed by
socialist countries.
2) In October,1992, the 14th Party Congress decided to establish socialist market
economy in China
2.2 From close-door to opening to the outside world
1) Since 1980’s to 1990’s , opening to the outside world from costal lines
to borders and inland
2) From GATT to WTO
Because of historical reason, China, P.R. was not a member of GATT from 1950 to 2001.
In 1986, China applied to reenter GATT.
In 1996, WTO taking place of GATT
After 15’s hard negotiation, China started to be a member of WTO in 2001.
2.3. From rural society to urbanization
1) Two different systems of household registration
2) Migrant peasants from inland to costal areas and villages to
cities.
3) By the end of 2012, 700 million people in cities, urbanization
52.6%. 30 cities which each one has over 8 million people,
among which 13 cities have over 10 million people.
Opening up
Migrant peasant workers
2.4. From four modernizations to comprehensive well-being society
1) In 1950’s, MaoZedong put forward a strategy to realize Four
Modernizations.
Namely, modernizations of agriculture, industry, national defense, and
both science and technology.
Unfortunately from 1966 to 1976, Cultural Revolution happened.
2) In 1980’s DongXiaoping put forward a strategic goal to build a well-being
society as the lowest target of Four Modernization till the end of 20th
century and realize modernization on the whole by the mid of 21st century.
3) In 1997, China declared the well-being society was realized 3 years earlier
than planned but it was low level, incomplete and imbalanced.
Well-off Society indicators
In 1991, 12 ministries and departments in National Bureau
of Statistics made up 16 indicators of Well-being society.
1) 2500USD, Per capita GDP
2) 2400 yuan, the per capita disposable income
3) 1200 yuan, per-capita net income of rural people
4) 12 m2, Housing space for per city resident
5) 15 m2, Housing space of iron, bricks and wood structure for per
peasant
6) 75 g protein, per person daily
7) 8 m2 road of hard cover, per urban resident
Well-off society indicators (2)
8) 85% administrative villages having roads to the outside
9) 50% of Engle’s coefficient
10) 85% of adult literate
11) 70 yrs old of average life expectancy
12) 3.1% of newborn mortality
13) Education and entertainment expenditure percentage reaching 11%
14) 100% household having TV
15、 15% of forest coverage rate
16、100% counties reaching the level of rural primary health care
indicators for the all-round well-off society
The following 10 indicators up to 2020：
1) over 3000 $ /per capita GDP. This is the fundamental symbol of
realization of a well-off society in an all-round way.
2) 18000 yuan of average disposable income for per city resident (according
to the price in 2000, same as the following) . 6859.6 yuan in 2001.
3) 8000 yuan for average net income for per person in rural area. 2366.4
yuan in 2001.
4) Lower than 40% of Engle’s co-efficient . 46% in 2001.
5) Average 30m2 of housing space for per city resident. 19 m2 in 2001.
indicators for the all-round well-off society (2)
6) Over 50% of urbanization rate. 37.66% in 2001.
7) 20% households have computers. 9.7% of city households while 4.2%
nationally in 2000.
8) Over 20% of College enrollment . 15% in 2000.
9) Over 2.8 doctors per 1000 people. 2 in 2000, which is more than the average
in the world.
10) Over 95% of the city poor having public lowest life protection. 71.6% in
2001.
2.5 From single development to scientific development
Consciousness of crisis
1. In 2003, scientific view of development raised.
2. In 2004, harmonious society raised.
What is the view of development
It is an essential view and opinion about the nature,
aim, connotation and requests of development.
It contains that what development is, why should
development be needed and both how to develop
and how to evaluate development.
The connotation of SVD
Overall development
Put
the
people
first
Balanced development
Sustainable development
2.6 from all-round government to limited government
1.
Framework of Chinese Government
2. Brief history of administrative system reforms
Framework of Chinese Government
Central Government
Provincial Government
Prefecture Government
County Government
Township Government
Brief History of Administrative System Reform
1. In 1982, the first reform
2. In 1988, the second reform
3. In 1993, the third reform
4. In 1998, the fourth reform
5. In 2003, the fifth reform
6. In 2008, the sixth reform
7. In 2013, the seventh reform
Review about the history
1. Two phases: before and after 1993
2. Reducing—expansion—re-reducing—re-expansion
Combination—separation—re-combination—re-separation
Centralization—decentralization –re-centralization—redecentralization
3. From cutting personnel and departments simply to
transforming government functions
4. From all-round government to limited government
Objectives of Current Reform
1. Law-based government
2. Service-oriented government
3. Accountable government
4. Clean and efficient government
5. Good governance
3. Main Experiences?
1. Giving the priority to the economic development and improving the people’s
life.
2. Paying attention to education and taking both science and technology as the
most important productivity.
3. Gradual reform and opening to the outside.
4. Careful planning and experiment.
Crossing rivers by feeling stones, five-years’ plan
5. Learning from developed countries.
Advanced science and technology, market economy, modernization of government
6. Making efforts to realize modernization with Chinese characteristics.
7. Dealing with the relationship among reform, developing and stability properly.
Questions and Answers
are Welcome !