Transcript One Child, Two Child Policy

One Child, Two Child Policy
Xiaobing Li, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of History and Geography
Director
Western Pacific Institute
University of Central Oklahoma
Lesson Plan (October 29, 2016)
• Lesson One: “One Child: Policy and Control”
(Chinese Politics and One Child Policy)
• Lesson Two: “Law, Law Enforcement, and Result”
(Police, Punishment, and Imbalanced Population)
• Lesson Three: “Policy Change and New Crisis”
(Urban Crisis, Military Complaints, and New Middle Class)
Lesson One: “One Child: Policy and Control”
1. China’s Population
2. Chinese Communist Politics: Mobilization and Mao’s People’s Power
3. Mao’s Social Control: Equality and Redistribution
4. Deng’s Control: “One Child Policy”
Areas currently controlled by the PRC and ROC
Larger version
China’s Population
• 1949
• 1965
• 1982
• 2000
• 2010
• 2014
480 million
790 million
946 million
1,140 million
1,220 million
1,400 million
China’s Population
• Major Ethnic Groups
• 1982: 67 million, about 6.7 percent of the national total
• 1995: 108.5 million, about 8 percent in 1995, according to the
national census
• 2014: 112 million, about 8.5 percent
China’s Population Control
• In July 1979, the Fifth National People’s Congress (NPC) announced
family planning and birth control as a national policy.
• It was an attempt by the government to alleviate the problem of
overpopulation.
China’s GDP Growth (1994-2014)
• 1994
$559 billion
• 1999
$1,083 billion
• 2004
$1.9 trillion
• 2009
$4.9 trillion
• 2013
$9.3 trillion
(or $13.39 trillion as purchasing power parity, the US GDP-PPP was $16
trillion; and Japan’s was $5 trillion).
China Economy Cont.
Year
GDP Per Capita (USD)
1979
180.28
1989
323.19
1999
864.73
2009
3680.01
World ranking
129
( 7th from the
bottom)
144
(22th from the
bottom)
128
(64th from the
bottom)
96
(86th from the
bottom)
GDP per Capita
• By 2013 it reached $9,185 as purchasing power parity
• (the US GDP-PPP per capita was $52,800; and Japan’s was $37,100)
• China’s GDP per capita had an annual growth rate of 6-12 percent
between 1994 and 2014.
Limited Farming Land
• Less than 12 percent of its terrain is suitable for farming.
• the Middle and Lower Yangzi Valley Plain of 77,000 sq. miles is known
as the country’s “rice bowl.”
Yangzi River
Limited Farming Land
• Northeast Plain, famous for its black soil, containing many organic
substances and with a total area of 135,000 sq. miles
• North China Plain of 120,000 sq. miles and a well-known grain and
cotton- producing region
Energy Industry
• It has become one of the fastest-growing sectors in the past 25 years.
• In 2010, China’s total energy consumption surpassed the U.S. for the
first time, making it the world’s largest energy consumer, something
which has drawn attention worldwide.
Deng Xiaoping’s Visit to the U.S.A
One-Child Policy
• In July 1979, the Fifth National People’s Congress (NPC)
announced family planning and birth control as a national
policy.
• It was an attempt by the government to alleviate the
problem of overpopulation.
• This policy has become one of the most prominent ways in
which the state intrudes in family life.
One-Child Policy
In 2001, the NPC passed the Legislation on Population and Birth
Planning.
The document legalized the population policy of controlling population
growth and implemented the basic state policy of family planning in a
comprehensive way.
The legislation suggested late marriage and late childbearing, and
advocated the continuing practice of “one child per couple.” It
continues to be illegal to have a second child in most urban areas, and
illegal in almost all provinces for a single woman to have a child.
One-Child Policy
• Since the implementation of the “one-child” family planning policy,
the average fertility rate has dropped from 6 children per family in
the 1970s, to 2 per family in 2000, about 1.44 per family in 2002 and
down to 1.27 per family in 2014.
One-Child Policy
• The government views this as a success and claims that 250
million births have been prevented.
• It also asserts that the decline in the growth rate has
improved healthcare among women and children.
• This is largely attributable to the prevalence of
contraceptives and the large number of induced abortions
that have occurred as long-term birth control has been
made both more widely available and compulsory.
One-Child Policy
• This policy has become one of the most prominent ways in which the
state intrudes in family life. In 2000, the Central Committee of the
Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the State Council of the People’s
Republic of China (PRC) issued a joint “Decision on Strengthening
Population and Family Planning Work.” In 2001, the NPC passed the
Legislation on Population and Birth Planning.
One-Child Policy
• The document legalized the population policy of controlling
population growth and implemented the basic state policy of family
planning in a comprehensive way. The legislation suggested late
marriage and late childbearing, and advocated the continuing practice
of “one child per couple.” It continues to be illegal to have a second
child in most urban areas, and illegal in almost all provinces for a
single woman to have a child.
One-Child Policy
• Since the implementation of the “one-child” family planning policy,
the average fertility rate has dropped from
•
•
•
•
six children per family in the 1970s
two per family in 2000
about 1.44 per family in 2002 and
down to 1.27 per family in 2014
One-Child Policy
• It also asserts that the decline in the growth rate has improved
healthcare among women and children. This is largely attributable to
the prevalence of contraceptives and the large number of induced
abortions that have occurred as long-term birth control has been
made both more widely available and compulsory.
One-Child Policy
• Another explanation for the success of China’s one-child policy has
been strict government enforcement.
• After 1979, having more than one child was illegal and punishable by
fines and jail time. The 2001 legislation lists all punishments for those
who break official rules of family planning.
One-Child Policy
• The second consequence for a couple bearing a child outside the plan
may lead to the immediate end of their career or professional
development.
• Connecting young people’s careers to family planning provided a
powerful control since most of young couple did not want to risk their
profession.
One-Child Policy
• The third punishment for those failing to follow the plan is to face
administrative discipline, including demotion, relocation, or even
termination of employment. Since employers or officials at all levels
are subject to rewards or penalties based on their efforts in reaching
the population control goals, their promotion and pay-raises depend
on meeting population targets set up by their superiors.
One-Child Policy
• Forced abortions
• Gender imbalance
• Late marriage
Policy Practice and Control
• In 2002, the laws related to the one-child policy were amended to
allow ethnic minorities and Chinese living in rural areas to have more
than one child, since the policy was not even previously enforced.
Policy Practice and Control
The population control program continues to negatively affect Chinese
women.
Intense pressure to meet birth limitation targets set by government
regulations resulted in instances of local birth–planning officials using
physical coercion to meet government goals.
Violent actions, such as forced abortions and sterilization, have been
taken against many women who did not follow the government’s onechild policy.
Policy Practice and Control
• In an effort to meet local sterilization targets, officials in Gansu, who
were often promised a promotion or monetary reward, reportedly
forcibly detained and sterilized a Tibetan woman who had abided by
local population planning requirements.
• In March 2008, family-planning officials in Henan reportedly forcibly
detained a 23-year-old woman who was seven months pregnant.
According to UN reports, the officials tied her to a bed, induced labor,
and killed the newborn upon delivery.
Policy Practice and Control
• In April 2008, population-planning officials in Shandong reportedly
detained and beat the sister of a woman who had illegally conceived
a second child in an attempt to compel the woman to undergo an
abortion.
• In November in Xinjiang, family-planning officials and police escorted
a Uyghur woman, Arzigul Tursun, who was more than six months
pregnant with her third child, to the hospital for an abortion. Tursun
had gone into hiding to save her pregnancy, but returned amid
threats that her family’s home and land would be confiscated.
Policy Practice and Control
Policy Practice and Control