Transcript SCP - rrcap - Asian Institute of Technology

Course 2.2, Section I
Overview of Sustainable Consumption
and Production (SCP)
Module 2: Circular Economy and Holistic Waste Management
Course 2.2 Sustainable Consumption and Production
C. Visvanathan
Professor
Environmental Engineering and Management
Asian Institute of Technology
Email: [email protected]
Webpage: http://www.faculty.ait.ac.th/visu/
Did You Do Your Background
Reading/Research?
Question Time ?
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Did You Do Your Background Reading/Research?
1. How many additional middle class consumer will be added by 2013?
2. How do you define Decoupling in the simplest form?
3. What did you learn from the “ The Story of Stuff?”
4. Can you explain more about the Story of Stuff project?
5. What are the different complexities of sustainable consumption discussed in the
video “ Sustainable Consumption-Definition-and-Complexities?”
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Lecture Time
Outline and Objectives of the Session
To explore, explain and understand what is Sustainable Consumption and Production
• Definition of SCP
• SCP and Green Economy
• SCP and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• SCP Indicators
• SCP Policies across the Globe and in Asia
• SCP in various Sector – Tourism, Built Environment
• SCP for Individuals, Businesses, and Government
• SCP and Holistic Waste Approach
• Organizations promoting/working on SCP
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1. Definition of SCP
SCP
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Working Definition of SCP
“The use of services and related products, which respond
to basic needs and bring a better quality of life while
minimizing the use of natural resources and toxic
materials as well as the emissions of waste and pollutants
over the life cycle of the service or product so as not to
jeopardize the needs of future generations.”
Norwegian Ministry of Environment, Oslo Symposium, 1994
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Definition of SCP by UNEP
• “SCP is a holistic approach to minimizing the negative
environmental impacts from consumption and
production systems while promoting quality of life for
all” (UNEP 2011).
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Key Principles of SCP
1. Improving the quality of life without increasing environmental degradation and without
compromising the resource needs of future generations.
2. Decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation by:
• Reducing material/energy intensity of current economic activities and reducing
emissions and waste from extraction, production, consumption and disposal.
• Promoting a shift of consumption patterns towards groups of goods and services with
lower energy and material intensity without compromising quality of life.
3. Applying life-cycle thinking which considers the impacts from all life-cycle stages of the
production and consumption process.
4. Guarding against the re-bound effect, where efficiency gains are cancelled out by
resulting increases in consumption (UNEP 2011).
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SCP’s Holistic Approach
The fundamental objective of SCP is to
decouple economic growth from environmental
degradation.
Sustainable
consumption
and production
In other words, SCP aims at doing more and
better with less – across the entire life cycle of
products, while increasing quality of life for
all.
‘More’ delivered in terms of goods and services,
with ‘less’ impact in terms of resource use,
environmental degradation, waste and pollution
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SCP
• Sustainable consumption and production is about promoting resource and energy
efficiency, sustainable infrastructure, and providing access to basic services, green
and decent jobs and a better quality of life for all.
• The implementation of SCP as an integrated approach helps to achieve overall
development plans, reduce future economic, environmental and social costs,
strengthen economic competitiveness and reduce poverty
• One of SCP’s main goals is to ‘decouple’ economic growth and environmental
degradation by increasing the efficiency of resource use in the production,
distribution and use of products, aiming to keep the energy, material and pollution
intensity of all production and consumption functions within the carrying capacities of
natural ecosystems.
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SCP
• SCP requires “lifecycle thinking” to increase the sustainable management of
resources and achieve resource efficiency along both production and consumption
phases.
• SCP aims at “doing more and better with less” increasing net welfare gains from
economic activities by reducing resource use, degradation and pollution along the
whole lifecycle, while increasing quality of life.
• SCP can contribute to poverty eradication by offering opportunities such as the
creation of new markets, green and decent jobs (e.g. markets for organic food, fair
trade, sustainable housing, sustainable transport and tourism, renewable energy) as
well as more efficient, welfare-generating natural resource management. It is also an
• opportunity to leapfrog to more resource efficient, environmentally-sound and
competitive technologies.
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SCP
• The terms “SCP”, “Green Growth” and “Green Economy” are inextricably linked and
lead to the same overall objective which is sustainable development.
• SCP is closely linked to Resource Efficiency – the optimal usage of resources,
particularly scarce and non-renewable resources.
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2. SCP’s Reply: The Life Cycle Approach to
Resource Use
The Inconvenient Truth (About Resources)
‘Hidden’ resources flows are large and cause
significant environmental impacts…
…and
the receiving environments for
emissions are smaller than some might think.
Fischer-Kowalski, 2011
Hydrosphere
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Atmosphere
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The SCP Reply: Life-Cycle Approach
Natural Resources
Incineration and
Landfill
Recovery
Extraction of
Raw Materials
Recycling of
Materials and
Components
Disposal
Design and
Production
Reuse
Use and
Maintain
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Packing and
Distribution
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Lifecycle of a Product
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Lifecycle Assessment
In ISO 14040,
Direct Application
• Product development
and improvement
• Strategic planning
• Public policy making
LCA is defined as the
"compilation and evaluation of
the inputs, outputs and potential
environmental impacts of a
product system throughout its
life cycle".
LCA stages according to ISO 14040
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Lifecycle Impacts
Did you know.....
• To make 1 pair of jeans requires the same amount of water as a person would
consume over 11 years
• 2 gold wedding bands = 4 tonnes of mined rock
• GHG from food wastage in the UK = GHG from 20% of the cars on the road in
the UK
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Applications of LCA
• Analyzing the origins of
problems related to a
particular product
• Comparing improvement
variants of a given
product
• Designing new products
• Choosing between a
number of comparable
products
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Using Lifecycle Thinking
Life cycle thinking draws on the knowledge and
expertise that comes out of life cycle assessment. It is
also about developing a critical and effective decisionmaking framework that explores alternatives and
strategies for environmental impact reduction, making
eco-design strategies a key tool in LCT.
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3. SCP and Green Economy
The SCP System’s Innovation approach
Changes to consumption and lifestyle
habits, urban form, transportation
modes, energy production, and
economic structure
Technological improvements that
permit efficiency gains to be achieved
without impinging on nutritional
budgets or quality of life in developing
countries
Focus areas
Massive investments in
infrastructure, skills and institutions
and governance capacity supporting
sustainable development
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Strengthening existing fiscal and
financial instruments for creating
incentives for resource efficiency
interventions
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Concepts in the System Approach
Sustainable Development
Green economy
A macro-economic approach. Focus
on investing in green economic
activities, infrastructure and jobs
SCP
Policies, tools and practices that support the green
economy
Focus on capacity building and mainstreaming of
eco-efficient production and responsible
consumption behaviours
Resource efficiency
Achieving greater wellbeing whilst reducing resource use and emissions. Focus on
systems performance, technologies and lifestyles
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Green Economy & Green GDP
Green Economy
• UNEP has developed a working
definition of green economy as one that
results in improved human well-being
and social equity, while significantly
reducing environmental risks and
ecological scarcities.
• In its simplest expression, a green
economy can be thought of as one
which is low carbon, resource efficient
and socially inclusive.
Green GDP is an attempt by economists to measure the
growth of an economy compared to the harm production
does to the environment.
This is done by subtracting the costs of environmental
and ecological damage done in a specific period of time
from the gross domestic product, or GDP, from that
some time.
As a result, the damage done to the environment as a
whole is factored into the equation to give a clearer
picture of the consequences of growing an economy.
Unfortunately, green GDP can be difficult to measure
because of the problems inherent in trying to quantify
the costs of ecological and environmental damage.
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China’s Green GDP Study
• SEPA and NBS initiated it in 2004.
• The Ministry of Science and Technology and World Bank launched related programs
successively to support China’s efforts in this regard.
• Report launched in 2006.
• Adjusted GDP excluding the environmental costs.
• The world’s first Green GDP report
• Covered China’s 31 provinces, the three industries and 39 industrial sectors.
• Meanwhile, the 2004 annual accounting reports of the 10 pilot provinces or municipalities were
completed.
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Environment Pollution
by-regions & by-industries
Environmental Monetary Accounting Table
Ecological Deterioration
by-regions
Ecological Deterioration
（by-regions）
Ocean Eco-system Accounting
River & lake Eco-system Accounting
Arable land Eco-system Accounting
Wetland Eco-system Accounting
Grassland Eco-system Accounting
Forestry Eco-system Accounting
Solid waste Pollution
Accounting
Air Pollution
Accounting
Economic & Environmental Mixed Accounting Table
Environment Pollution
by-regions & by-industries
Water Pollution
Accounting
Ocean Eco-system Accounting
Arable land Eco-system Accounting
Wetland Eco-system Accounting
Grassland Eco-system Accounting
Forestry Eco-system Accounting
Solid waste Pollution
Accounting
Air Pollution
Accounting
Accounting
River & lake Eco-system Accounting
Environmental pollution
lost statistic and Ecological
Deterioration Investigation
Water Pollution
General Framework
Environmental Physical Accounting
Table
Environmental Monetary Accounting Summary Table
Redecomposition and
Composition of National
Economy Accounting
Environmental protection Input-output Accounting
Table
water pollution, air pollution and solid waste in 31
provinces or municipalities; and water pollution, air
pollution, solid waste in three major industries and 39
industrial sectors.
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Environmentally-adjusted Total GDP
Accounting Table
Accounting of pollution accidents and imputed
abatement costs caused by pollution are added
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.
Main Findings and Results
• The accounted pollutants emissions were higher than those released by the Government.
• The imputed abatement cost amounted to 287.4 billion RMB and the Pollution Adjusted Index to
GDP was 1.8% in 2004.
• The cost incurred by environmental pollution accounted for 3.05% of the GDP.
• The regional disparity in China’s environmental cost is big and environment pollution is shifting
towards the central and western regions.
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Benefits and Significance
• The Green GDP is actively promoted by the Government to use it as an instrument to improve the
good governance. (Gross Ecological Products—GEP, in 2012)
• The research triggered heated debate among scholars and facilitated further investigation on
national economic accounting systems.
• The introduction of an environmental and economic accounting system can encourage local
governments to switch from pursuing short-term benefits to long-term benefits on economic and
social development, and facilitate local governments to strengthen environmental management.
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4. Key Contributions of SCP to Sustainable
Development
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• SCP has become a priority area for governments as the world transitions to more economically,
environmentally, and socially sustainable patterns of development
• “Fundamental changes in the way societies consume and produce are indispensable for achieving
global sustainable development,” states The Future We Want, the outcome document of the United
Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20).
• “The future we want”, set out a mandate to establish an open working group to develop a set of
sustainable development goals for consideration and appropriate action by the General Assembly at
its sixty-eighth session. It also provided the basis for their conceptualization.
• The document gave the mandate that the sustainable development goals should be coherent with
and integrated into the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015
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Origin of SCP
• Originated from the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, chapter 4 of
Agenda 21, “Changing Consumption and Production Patterns”, focuses
attention on the need to influence consumption and production patterns
towards greater sustainability
• Production and consumption policies are two sides of the same sustainability
“coin” which needs to be addressed in an integrated manner
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Open Working Group Proposal for Sustainable Development
Goals
• GOAL 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere
• GOAL 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture
• GOAL 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
• GOAL 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all
• GOAL 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
• GOAL 6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
• GOAL 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
• GOAL 8 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all
• GOAL 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster
innovation
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Open Working Group Proposal for Sustainable Development
Goals
• GOAL 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries
• GOAL 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
• GOAL 12 Ensure responsible consumption and production patterns
• GOAL 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*
• GOAL 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development
• GOAL 15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably
manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity
loss
• GOAL 16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to
justice for all and build effective accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
• GOAL 17 Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for
• sustainable development
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Open Working Group Proposal for Sustainable Development
Goals
GOAL 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
12.1 Implement the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and
production, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking
into account the development and capabilities of developing countries
12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural
resources
12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and
reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses
12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all
wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks,
and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their
adverse impacts on human health and the environment
12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction,
recycling and reuse
12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt
sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle
12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with
national policies and priorities
12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and
awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature
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SDG # 12: Ensure Sustainable Consumption and
Production Patterns
• 12.a Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity
to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production
• 12.b Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for
sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products
• 12.c Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by
removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by
restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect
their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of
developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in
a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities
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5. SCP Indicators
SCP Indicators
• Measuring changes in consumption patterns, by establishing indicators presents tangible
reflections of current and potential future trends and provides information necessary to help
develop appropriate policy responses
• Sustainable consumption indicators are capable of assisting in the optimization of resource use,
minimizing negative environmental and social impacts of consumption and production patterns,
while stimulating and facilitating trends towards more sustainable patterns
• Measuring changes in consumption and production patterns, by establishing indicators, presents all
stakeholders with tangible reflections of current and potentially future trends, such as the volume
and intensity of resource use, and provides information necessary to help evaluate current and
develop future policy initiatives.
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SCP Indicators
• Sustainable consumption indicators are capable of:
• Highlighting the interface between consumption patterns and environmental issues,
and in particular help to better understand how different driving forces and policy
instruments interact and affect the environmental sustainability of consumption;
• Contributing to the further integration of environmental and sustainability concerns
into decision-making and to provide a basis for monitoring related policies; and
• Stimulating discussions and initiatives concerning sustainable consumption.
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Framework Guideline for Selection of SCP Indicators
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Indicators for Key Resources: Energy
• Indicators are suggested
for monitoring the use of
those resources and for
reflecting related
consumption patterns and
environmental effects
caused by the use of
those resources.
ENERGY
1
Annual energy consumption
Monitors energy consumption.
per capita
2
Intensity of energy use
Monitors energy use per unit of
production/service for selected
sectors.
3
4
Share of renewable energy
Monitors the development of
in total energy consumption
renewable energy sources.
Energy prices
Monitors energy prices in
relation to GDP and disposable
income.
Other Indicators: Energy and Consumption
A
Total final energy
Can be used to reflect the contribution of residential/
consumption (TFC) by
business/government energy use to TFC.
sector
B
Sector energy consumption by type of use Reflects trends in the level and structure of energy use by each
sector (e.g. cooking, heating, etc.).
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Indicators for Key Resources: Materials, Material
Flows and Waste
MATERIALS
5
Total material requirement
Monitors total material throughput, including hidden or
indirect material flows required for a national economy.
6
Intensity of material use
Monitors material use per unit of production/service (for
selected sectors).
Other Indicators: Waste, Air Emissions and Consumption
A
Generation of waste by sector
Reflects the waste generation intensity of various sector's
consumption activities.
B
Waste recycling rates (paper, glass, etc.)
C
Air emissions from sector energy use
Can reflect recycling rates by sector or by country.
Reflects the contribution of sector activities to national
emissions.
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Indicators for Key Resources: Water
WATER
7
Intensity of water use
Monitors water use per unit of production service for selected
sectors.
Other Indicators: Water and Consumption
A
Water consumption by sector
Reflects the contribution of households/businesses/
Governments to freshwater consumption.
B
Water consumption by type of use
Can be used to reflect the actual needs that water fulfills
(e.g. drinking, cooking and toilet- flushing).
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Indicators for Key Resources: Land
LAND
8
Land use
Monitors land use (forestry,agriculture, settlements,
infrastructure, and recreation).
Other Indicators: Land, Biodiversity and Consumption
A
Land use for recreation
Reflects the impact of leisure and tourism activities on the
consumption of land.
B
Protected areas
Reflects willingness of governments to promote environmental
protection.
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Indicators for Consumption Clusters: Mobility
• Consumption clusters provide
a structure for analyzing the
network of infrastructure,
actors, and driving forces
behind the satisfaction of
certain basic needs.
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10
A
B
MOBILITY
Monitors the use of different
Distance traveled per capita
modes of transport (foot, bicycle,
by mode of transport
Number of road vehicles
train, boat, car, bus, plane).
Monitors
the
total
number
vehicles
(possibly
by
type
fuel efficiency).
Other Indicators: Mobility, Communication and
Consumption
Freight traffic by mode of
Reflects changes in the area of
transport
freight transport.
Measures the intensity and
Energy consumption by
structure of the energy consumed
transport sector
C
Circulation of
newspapers/periodicals/&
Other materials
D
Electronic communication
tools used by business
E
Electronic communication
devices per capita
by transport activities.
Reflects changes towards
electronic media and the
associated changes in paper
consumption.
Measures changes from
conventional methods of doing
business to 'modern' alternatives
(teleworking, teleconferencing,
etc.).
Measures changes in national
per capita usage of internet,
mobile phones, computers, etc.
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of
and
Indicators for Consumption Clusters:
Consumer Goods and Services
Buildings and Housekeeping
CONSUMER GOODS AND SERVICES
11
12
Retail sales of selected
Monitors retail sales of goods
goods per capita
(e.g. electronics, home-
BUILDINGS AND HOUSEKEEPING
14
Residential energy and
Monitors total water and energy
water use per household
use in households due to
appliances, clothing).
consumer behavior and housing
Market share of more
Monitors social and
design and construction.
sustainably produced
environmental interest of
goods
consumers and producers.
15
Average household size
Monitors the number of persons
per household.
and services
Other Indicators: Goods, Services and Consumption
A
Average length of product Monitors the effects of optimizing
life, by selected product
product design for durability.
groups
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Indicators for Consumption Clusters:
Food
Recreation
FOOD
15
Market share of more
Monitors social and
sustainably produced
environmental interest of
food
consumers and producers.
RECREATION
16
17
Other Indicators: Food and Consumption
A
Food consumption
Monitors consumer choices and
intensities and patterns shifts in demand towards
organically grown agricultural
Spending on recreation as
Monitors the demand for
share of disposable income
recreation activities.
Time spent on leisure, paid
Monitors time-allocation and
and unpaid work, and
distribution, and reflects
travelling
lifestyles.
Other Indicators: Recreation and Consumption
A
products.
B
Trends in international
Reflects the importance and
tourism
growth of the tourist sector.
Transport for recreational
Monitors the important link
purposes
between recreational needs and
transport.
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Documents on SCP Indicators
Reference
Geographical Focus
Global
Developed
countries
UNEP (2008)
SDSN (2014)
Direct, indirect focus relevant for SCP
Developing
countries
Post-2015
SDGs
Decou
pling
X
X
X
Major types of information
SCP
Resource
use
X
X
X
Goals
X
Targets
Indicators
X
X
X
X
OECD (2002)
X
X
X
Watson et al. (2010)
X
X
X
WWF (2014)
X
X
IRP, UNEP (2011)
X
UNEP (2014)*
X
X
UNEP (2013a)
X
X
UNEP (2013b)
X
X
X
Schandl, Chiu (2013)
X
X
X
Schoon et al (2013)
X
Pinter et al. (2014)
MEAs**
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
*UNEP (2014 unpublished) – Illustrative targets for 3 UNEP Challenges
** MEAs included: CITES, UNFCCC, Stockholm Convention, Basel Convention, Rotterdam Convention, SAICM,
Minamata Convention
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6. SCP Policies
Enabling Policy Framework, Tools and Instruments for
SCP
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The SCP Policy Tools
Economic
Instruments
• Environmental
taxes
• Fees and user
charges
• Certificate trading
• Environmental
financing
• Green Public
procurement
• Subsides
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Regulatory
Instruments
• Norms and
Standards
• Environmental
liability
• Environmental
control and
enforcement
Informational
Instruments
• Eco-Labelling
• Sustainability
reporting
• Information centers
• Consumer advice
services
• Environmental
quality targets and
monitoring
Cooperation
Instruments
• Technology
transfer
• Voluntary
agreements
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SCP at the Global Level
• Intergovernmental level, the adoption of a SCP approach as an international commitment and goal is an
important milestone
• The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro (the Earth
Summit), and the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg laid the
global foundation for many efforts to promote SCP at the regional and national levels
• Intergovernmental efforts to promote SCP have also been developed through initiatives focused on
thematic issues. For example, the informal, multistakeholder Marrakech Process, which responded to the
call by the 2002 WSSD to develop a 10- Year Framework of Programmes on SCP (10YFP)
• The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has also been instrumental in establishing
standards for EMS and tools to guide companies around the world on the conduct of Lifecycle
Assessments (LCAs).
• Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEA) also directly or indirectly supports SCP. For example:
UNFCCC has greater potential to stimulate a revolution in consumption and production – by reduction in
atmospheric levels of GHG concentrations; Basel Convention originally focused principally on the
transboundary movement of hazardous waste, since 2000, however, it has also emphasized the
minimization of waste through environmentally sound management that addresses virtually all stages in
its production and consumption
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SCP at the Regional and National Levels
• At the regional level, a number of intergovernmental bodies have established SCP frameworks, such
as the European Union’s Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable Industrial Policy
(SCP/SIP) Action Plan.
• Africa, the Arab region and the Latin America and Caribbean regions have developed SCP
strategies with the support of the Marrakech Process. Those strategies have been endorsed by the
relevant regional intergovernmental bodies.
• National SCP policy frameworks include dedicated SCP strategies or sustainable development
strategies explicitly addressing SCP.
• These have been developed (or are currently being developed) in several countries, including:
Brazil, Burkina Faso, Colombia, Côte d’Ivoire, Croatia, Czech Republic, Dominica, Ecuador, Finland,
Ghana, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Mali, Mauritius, Poland, Senegal, St.Lucia, Tanzania, Uganda, the
United Kingdom and Zambia.
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SCP in Africa
• In Africa, the regional 10-Year Framework of Programmes on SCP has spurred the
development and implementation of a number of sub-regional, national and local
SCP programmes.
• The National Cleaner Production Centres (NCPCs) are very active in Africa
• Businesses in Africa have started to integrate corporate social responsibility (CSR) by
establishing business linkages with the local communities, forming public-private
partnerships and voluntary reporting.
• The CSOs in Africa are focusing on education, skill development, promotion of clean
production methods and conservation of natural resources; all this contributing to
empowerment and capacity-building
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
55
Why is SCP Important in Asia and the Pacific?
• Asia-Pacific has become a global centre of manufacturing, and has overtaken the rest of the
world to become the single largest user of materials.
• As Asia rapidly became the manufacturing base of the world, regional resource intensity
(resource use per dollar) has increased (from 2.5kg/USD in 1970 to almost 3.5kg/USD in
2008, and up to 12kg/USD in some countries
• In many cases, production shifted from very material efficient countries such as Japan to less
efficient countries such as China and India.
• The environmental impacts of consumption and production have kept pace with the rises in
resource use
• SCP is important in Asia-Pacific to balance the socio-economic driving forces with the
environmental capacity of the region.
• The region will develop into the future, but it can not mimic the historical growth model of
today’s industrialized countries.
• It needs to involve considerable innovation for establishing a new industrial system that can
fuel prosperity in the region beyond the aggressive resource consumption of the old industrial
system.
Overview of SCP
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
56
SCP in Asia and the Pacific
• The Green Growth Initiative in Asia: promotes SCP, development of sustainable infrastructure,
and the introduction of green tax reform, while improving the eco-efficiency of economic
growth
• Green growth strategies are further being developed in China and Korea
• European Commission-funded SWITCH Asia Programme, promoting SCP among
• Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and supporting Asian policymakers in shifting
towards SCP practices.
• The SWITCH Asia Programme has funded more than 47 projects in 15 Asian countries in
areas such as green public procurement, cleaner production and ecolabelling.
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
57
SCP Malaysia
Strengthened policy framework
SCP Malaysia Architecture
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
SCP Policy Framework
National SCP Blueprint/SCP Input to 11th Malaysia Plan
Effective
Coordination
Addressing the Change of Patterns and Behavior
Industry
Consumers
Key Sectors
National SCP
Focal Point (EPU)
Sustainable Sourcing
Government Green
Procurement (GGP)
Sustainable
Building
Mapping the State
of Play
Sustainable
Production-Operation
SCP Indicators
and Monitoring
Sustainable
Distribution
Networking and
Synergies
Sustainable Products
and Services
SCP CEPA
Sustainable Waste
Management
SCP for Consumers:
Sustainable Buying,
Use & Disposal
Sustainable Lifestyles
Sustainable Food
Sustainable
Transport
Sustainable
Tourism
Overview of SCP
58
SCP Project in Thailand
This project is funded
by the European Union
Objective
To support the Thai Government in developing and implementing policies to promote SCP, here
enhancing the long-term sustainability of Thai consumption and production pattern.
Main Thai partners:
Purpose
• Department of Industrial Works
(DIW) under the Ministry of
Industries (MoIn)
• Pollution Control Department
(PCD) under the Ministry of
Natural Resource and
Environment (MNRE)
Team of Consultant
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Components
Results
To strengthen the institutional policy framework ensuring a joint and effective SCP effort in Thailand
Thai SCP management
consolidated
Green procurement policy
strengthened
SP Principles applied in
selected sectors
Increased awareness
and knowledge on SCP
Stakeholder consultation
for unified understanding
Focal point strengthened,
action plan updated
Sector baseline studies
conducted
Awareness policy and
strategy developed
Develop national SCP
monitoring system and
account
Capacity strengthened in
GP at all levels
SP implementation plan
developed
SCP educational
programme drafted
Implementation of SCP
monitoring
Innovative GPP/GBP
introduced/supported
SMEs supported with
Green Industry Mark
Awareness/educational
programme inplemented
Recommendations for
institutional improvements
made
Experiences fed into
policy/regulatory framework
Experiences fed into
policy/regulatory
framework
Experience fed into
policy/ regulatory
framework
Duration
3 Years, 10/2011-09/2014
Consultants
GIZ, TEI and CSCP
Main Thai Partners
Department of Industrial Works (DIW)
Polution Control Department (PCD)
Overview of SCP
59
Policy Interventions Aiming at Resource Efficiency
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
60
SCP Integration
Establishing SCP
momentum via programs
• Identify SCP priorities
and opportunities
• Find entry points in the
policy process
• Assess capacities and
needs
• Find champions of
change
• Build public awarness
• Gather evidence of
impacts
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Mainstreaming SCP
• Identify policy options and
measures
• Gather country specific
evidence on SCP costs and
benefits
• Identify priorities,
sequencing and promote
vision
• Build capacities within
institutions
• Identify avenues to influence
mainstream (secto or
economic) development
strategies
Implementation
• Establish policy M&E
system and capacity
• Adequate resourcing of
policy implementation and
M&E
• Link to budget allocation
process
• Strengthen institutional
framework for policy
review, adaptation and
implementation cycle.
Overview of SCP
61
7. SCP at Various Scales and Sectors
SCP Approach
• The SCP approach is being applied to: multilateral environmental agreements; National strategies;
market, regulatory and voluntary tools on multiple governmental levels; and a broad range of
business and civil society initiatives.
• High level political support is necessary for successful SCP policy implementation.
• SCP policies are highly cross-cutting: their formulation, implementation and monitoring require a
high degree of inter-agency collaboration within Government.
• Integrating SCP policies into key policies, strategies and plans should be the preferred approach,
rather than formulating them as stand-alone policy areas.
• Adequate communication and education to all parties, including the community increases the
likelihood of successful implementation.
• The government can play multiple roles in pursuing SCP but has its limitations. SCP agendas need
multi stakeholder engagement and partnerships.
• It is important to engage with the business community, civil society groups and other nongovernmental organisations such as consumer groups and the media.
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
63
SCP Initiatives By & For Business and Industry
• Business and industry are key players in the SCP agenda
• They are at the core of production and are also key organizational consumers.
• Responsible business and industry operations can play a major role in improving resource
efficiency, driving economic growth, enhancing social well-being, minimizing waste and
environmental impacts.
• Leading companies and business networks are introducing new technologies and
strategies, such as eco-design, life-cycle assessment, and closed-loop production.
• One of the most promising business contributions to SCP is through the corporate
environmental and social responsibility movement, and managing their global supply and
value chain
• Finally, they are seeking to address the global challenges of SCP and climate change by
working to measure and progressively shrink their carbon footprints and their impacts on
other dimensions of the global environment.
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
64
SCP Initiatives by Government
• Government policy still plays an important role in catalyzing the internalization of social
and environmental costs in business operations
• Government can formulate and implement strong regulation to shape sustainable
production
• Government can also showcase best practice in their own consumption behavior through
green procurement
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
65
SCP Initiatives by Households: : Introducing SCP in Housing
and Mobility
Rising customer demand for sustainable goods and services is another driving force for
mainstreaming SCP into market strategies
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
66
SCP and Tourism Industry
Sustainable Consumption and Production & Tourism
• One of the principal sectors of the world economy
• Tourism accounts for 9% of GDP (direct, indirect and
induced), 6% of the world's exports, and one in 11
jobs
• In 2013, 1,087 million international tourists travelled
the world generating US$ 1.4 trillion in exports
•
Number of international tourist arrivals is growing :
25 million in 1950, 898 million in 2006, and is
forecasted to reach 1.6 billion by 2020 [The World
Tourism Organization (WTO)]
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
68
Resource Use and Impacts of Tourism
• Transportation (fuel use, air and
noise pollution)
• Food and Catering
• Recreation
• Energy use ( in the building lighting,
heating and cooling)
• Water use (hotels, swimming pools,
golf courses, personal use)
• Clothing/ Laundry
• Change in Land use pattern
• Food waste
• Solid waste and littering
• Wastewater/sewage
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
69
Environmental Impacts of Tourism Industry
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
70
UNEP’s Sustainable Tourism Programme: 3-Dimensional Life Cycle Approach
ENABLING POLICY FRAMEWORK (IMPLEMENTATION)
MARKET FORCES AND SIGNALS
Approaches:
-Multi-stakeholders
-Cross-sectoral
Mainstreaming
SCP into
National
Development
Strategies
Education and
Information on SCP
Sustainable
Public
Procurement
LIFE CYCLE
Tourism
Planning
Destination
Assets
Continuous
improvement –
quality & service
Performance
Sustainability
Technology
Consumer
Patterns &
Choices
Consumer
Behavior
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Laws and
Regulations
Monitor &
Evaluate
Tourism
Products &
Services
Employment
Tourism
Investments
LEARN
DO
LEARN
Marketing &
Promotion
Carbon footprint
Consumption
efficiency
Tourism
operations &
management
Responsible
practices
Shareholder value
National
Local
Tourism
Plans
Fiscal and
Economic
instruments
Land Use
Planning
Infrastructure
Design, Form &
Function
Overview of SCP
71
The 10YFP Sustainable Tourism Program
The 10YFP sustainable
Tourism program supports
cooperation between
stakeholders for the
development and
implementation of
innovative projects and
good practices in resource
efficient and low-carbon
tourism planning, improving
sustainable livelihoods and
adapting to the reality of a
changing climate
PROGRAMME AREAS
1
Integrating sustainable consumption and
production (SCP) patterns in tourism related
policies and framework
2
Collaboration among stakeholders for the
improvement of the tourism sector’s SCP
performance
3
Fostering the application of guidelines,
instruments and technical solutions to improve,
prevent and mitigate tourism impacts and to
mainstream SCP patterns among tourism
stakeholders
4
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Enhancing sustainable tourism investment and
financing
•
Integrating SCP principles and objectives
for sustainable development
Monitoring policy implementation
Data sharing and exchange of information
Fostering stakeholder collaboration and
joint action
Capacity building for stakeholders
Establishing monitoring frameworks
Developing integrated tools for use at
destinations and in tourism enterprises
Research and action on priority issues of
the tourism value chain
Influencing consumer choice and behaviour
Promoting use of sustainable tourism
investment and financing tools
Enabling and mainstreaming sustainable
tourism investment and finance
http://www.unep.org/10yfp/Programmes/ProgrammeConsultationandCurrentStatus/Sustainabletourism/tabid/106269/Default.aspx
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
72
Influencing Consumers Choice and Behavior
Green Passport is a web-based campaign
providing travellers with information on how
to make responsible tourism choices before, during and
after the trip to the host destination, with regard to
accommodation, dining and other activities, while at the
same time triggering economic and social benefits for the
host communities.
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
73
EU SWITCH-Asia Case Study: Greening Sri Lankan Hotels
• The SWITCH-Asia project “Greening Sri Lankan Hotels” was implemented by a
consortium led by The Ceylon Chamber of Commerce from November 2009 to October
2013
• Enhanced the environmental performance (improvement of energy, water and waste
management systems, and reducing cost of operations) of small and medium scale Sri
Lanka hotels
• In 2012, the Greening Hotels Awards were initiated, organized in collaboration with the
Ceylon Chamber of Commerce CSR Awards
http://greeningsrilankahotels.org/
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
74
EU SWITCH-Asia Case Study: Zero Carbon Resort, Philippines
• Implemented in hotels and resorts in Palawan
and other parts of the Philippines
• As part of a sustainability oriented “redesign” of
model resorts, a carbon neutral cottage was
designed and constructed, showcasing
sustainable building concepts and energy
systems using appropriate technology solutions
including solar thermal for water heating, solar
PV for electricity generation, use of local
resources for building design, efficient lighting
technologies and rainwater harvesting.
• Water use by 58% or about half a million cubic
meter
• Fuel use by 56 % or 1.8 million litres
• 60% reduction in waste water discharge
• 1/3rd reduction in solid waste generation
http://www.zerocarbonresorts.eu/
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
75
Discussion Points: How to Integrate SCP Patterns in Tourism
Industry?
• What Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) Action Plan can be
devised in the travel and tourism industry?
• How can the tourism sector supply chain (stakeholders) be addressed for the
improvement of the tourism sector´s SCP performance?
• How can Sustainable Procurement Policy promote SCP in Tourism industry?
• What roles can education and awareness building of consumers (tourists) play
in promoting SCP in Tourism Industry?
• How to enhance sustainable tourism investment and financing?
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
76
SCP and Built Environment
Why SCP in Built Environment?
• Buildings and Construction sectors account for:
•
40% of global energy use,
•
30% of energy-related GHG emissions,
•
approximately 12% of water use,
•
nearly 40% of waste, and
•
employs 10% of the workforce, including many SMEs.
• Two billion additional urban inhabitants are expected by
2030, the majority of whom will be in the rapidly growing
cities of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
78
10YFP Program on Sustainable Buildings and Construction
Aims to:
• Share information and
tools to learn best
practices
• Increase cooperation
and networking among
all stakeholders
• Raise awareness and
engage civil society
• Strengthen and make
use of scientific and
technological capacities
• Foster innovation and
new ideas, while
increasing recognition of
traditional knowledge
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
http://www.unep.org/10yfp/Programmes/ProgrammeConsultationandCurrentStatus/Sustainablebu
ildingsandconstruction/tabid/106268/Default.aspx
Overview of SCP
79
Discussion Point
• What are the various ways that SCP can be integrated in Built environment?
• Sustainable construction materials ( recycled aggregates)
• Green building certification
• Waste Management
• Water Efficiency and reuse
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
80
8. SCP & Holistic Waste Connections
SCP: A holistic Approach
• Achieving SCP requires a holistic approach, as its core is the life-cycle perspective.
• SCP holistically considers the total use of resources as well as the resulting emissions, effluents and
waste; aiming to minimize negative environmental impacts; and promoting inclusive well-being.
• Its focus on the sustainable and efficient management of resources at all stages of value chains of
goods and services encourages the development of processes that use fewer resources and
generate less waste, including hazardous substances, while yielding environmental benefits and
frequently productivity and economic gains.
• Such improvements can also increase the competitiveness of enterprises, turning solutions for
sustainability challenge into business, employment and export opportunities.
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
82
SCP for Holistic Waste Management
• Holistic waste management looks into the aspects of interconnectedness between solid, liquid and
gaseous phases of wastes and also minimizing the wastes and emissions generation and closing
the resources loop.
• SCP also works for removing hazardous chemicals and substances in goods thereby decreasing
the risks of hazardous wastes and emissions at the product’s end of life
• SCP also works towards waste minimization by resource efficient and sustainable product and
services production processes, and conscientious consumption
• SCP also encourages capturing and reusing or recycling valuable resources, thereby turning waste
streams into value streams.
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
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Tools and Features of SCP
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
84
9. Organizations Promoting SCP
SCP Efforts
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
86
Thank You!
C .Visvanathan / Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Overview of SCP
87