Transcript Federal Republic of Germany

Germany
HISTORY 历史
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100.
During the Migration Age, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe.
Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained
dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War.
Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, with the rising of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of
the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated.
After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar
Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Versailles Treaty.
Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933.The latter period was marked by Fascism and the Second World War.
After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany.
In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Germany officially the Federal
Republic of Germany is a federal
parliamentary republic in Europe. The
country consists of 16 states while the
capital and largest city is Berlin.
Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2
and has a largely temperate seasonal
climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it
is the most populous member state and
the largest economy in the European
Union. It is one of the major political
powers of the European continent and a
technological leader in many fields.
HISTORICAL FIGURES名人
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贝多芬Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 –1827)
was a German composer and pianist.
爱因斯坦Albert Einstein， (1879 – 1955)
was a German-born theoretical physicist who
developed the theory of general relativity,
effecting a revolution in physics.
歌德 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749 – 1832)
was a German writer, pictorial artist, biologist,
theoretical physicist, and polymath.
黑格尔Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel(1770 –1831)
was a German philosopher, one of the creators of
German Idealism.
马克思 Karl Heinrich Marx (1818 – 1883)
was a German philosopher, sociologist, economic
historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist
who developed the socio-political theory of
Marxism.
俾斯麦Otto Von Bismarck (1815 – 1898)
Iron Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, was a
Prussian-German statesman who unified Germany,
made it a major player in world affairs, and
created a balance of power that kept Europe at
peace after .
BERLIN柏林
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Berlin - Germany's capital, is one of the
world famous metropolis; and also most
popular tourist attraction. Existing
population of nearly 3.4 million. Berlin as
Germany's leading industrial city, the main
industrial sectors are electronics,
machinery manufacturing, chemicals,
printing, textile and food processing. Berlin
is an international transport hub. April 5,
1994, Berlin and Beijing became sister
cities.
HAMBURG汉堡
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Hamburg - Germany's largest port city, Germany's
second largest city. Hamburg population of about
1.9 million. North German region of Hamburg is
the most important transport hub, Western Europe
is also leading to Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, a
bridge, Air, sea transport are developed. Hamburg
is the world's largest trading centers and one
distribution center, nearly 3,000 foreign
companies, many industrial enterprises directly
engaged in import and export business. Many
world-famous trade group with headquarters in
Hamburg. Hamburg is Germany's third largest
tourist city.
MUNICH慕尼黑
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Munich - Germany's third largest city,
Population of about 1.3 million, It is a
well-known German and European
tourist city, It is the most magnificent
palace in the southern German cultural
center, more than 800 years of history.
Munich is rich in beer, drink volume in
the world, so people usually referred to
Munich as the "beer capital."
FRANKFURT法兰克福
Frankfurt - located in the middle of
Germany, Germany's commercial and
manufacturing center And major
international financial city. Population of
about 590,000,Where financial institutions,
including the German Federal Bank, the
nation's major stock exchanges and the
only Gold Exchange and so on.
International trade accounts for an
important position. Industries include
machinery, chemicals, pharmaceuticals,
printing, leather and food processing.
Surface and air transportation is well
developed. Frankfurt is Germany's major
cultural center.
POLITICS政治
Germany is a federal, parliamentary, representative democratic
republic. The German political system operates under a
framework laid out in the 1949 constitutional document known
as the Grundgesetz (Basic Law). Amendments generally require
a two-thirds majority of both chambers of parliament; the
fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the
articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers,
the federal structure, and the rule of law are valid in perpetuity.
Head of State (President) is a figure, no real power, heads of
government (prime minister) to master the really right. the
presidential a term of five-year , the Prime Minister a term of
four years.
Current Prime Minister Angela Dorothea Merkel, is Germany's
first woman prime minister.
FOREIGN RELATIONS外交
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Germany has a network of 229 diplomatic missions abroad and maintains relations with more
than 190 countries. As of 2011 it is the largest contributor to the budget of the European Union
(providing 20%)and the third largest contributor to the UN (providing 8%).Germany is a
member of NATO, the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the
G8, the G20, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It has played a
leading role in the European Union since its inception and has maintained a strong alliance
with France since the end of World War II. Germany seeks to advance the creation of a more
unified European political, defence, and security apparatus.
The development policy of the Federal Republic of Germany is an independent area of
German foreign policy. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation
and Development (BMZ) and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German
government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community.
It is the world‘s third biggest aid donor after the United States and France.
ECONOMIC经济概况
Economy Rank 4th (nominal) / 5th
(PPP)
Currency
Euro (EUR)
Fiscal year
calendar year
Trade
organisations
EU, WTO (via EU
membership) and
OECD
GDP
$3.306 trillion, €2.5
trillion (2010)
GDP growth
3.6% (2010)
GDP by sector
agriculture: 0.8%;
industry: 27.9%;
services: 71,3% (2010
est.)
Inflation (CPI)
1.3% (October 2010)
Unemployment
7.5% (August 2010)
Exports
€1.146 trillion (2010)
Export goods
machinery, vehicles, chemicals,
metals and manufactures,
foodstuffs, textiles
Main export
partners
France 10.2%, U.S. 6.7%,
Netherlands 6.7%, U.K. 6.6%, Italy
6.3%, Austria 6%, China 4.5%,
Switzerland 4.4% (2009 est.)
Imports
€1.020 trillion (2010)
Import goods
machinery, vehicles, chemicals,
foodstuffs, textiles, metals
Main import
partners
Netherlands 8.5%, China 8.2%,
France 8.2%, U.S. 5.9%, Italy 5.9%,
U.K. 4.9%, Belgium 4.3%, Austria
4.3%, Switzerland 4.2% (2009
est.)
FDI stock
$1.057 trillion (31 December 2010
est.)
Gross external debt
$4.713 trillion (30 June 2010)
Foreign reserves
US$233.813 billion, €200 billion
(April 2011)
Germany has a social market economy with a highly qualified labour force, a large
capital stock, a low level of corruption, and a high level of innovation. It has the largest
national economy in Europe, the fourth largest by nominal GDP in the world, and the
fifth largest by PPP in 2009. The service sector contributes approximately 71% of the
total GDP, industry 28%, and agriculture 0.9%. The average national unemployment rate
in 2010 was about 7.5%. First estimates indicate a 3.6% increase in the price-adjusted
GDP for 2010, following a 4.7% drop in 2009.
Germany is a founding member of the EU, the G8 and the G20, and was the world's
largest exporter from 2003 to 2008. In 2009 it remained the second largest exporter and
third largest importer of goods. Most of the country's exports are in engineering,
especially machinery, automobiles, chemical goods and metals. Germany is a leading
producer of wind turbines and solar-power technology. Annual trade fairs and
congresses are held in cities throughout Germany.
Germany is an advocate of closer European economic and political integration. Its
commercial policies are increasingly determined by agreements among European
Union (EU) members and by EU legislation. Germany introduced the common
European currency, the euro, on 1 January 2002. Its monetary policy is set by the
European Central Bank. Two decades after German reunification, standards of living
and per capita incomes remain significantly higher in the states of the former West
Germany than in the former East. The modernisation and integration of the eastern
German economy is a long-term process scheduled to last until the year 2019, with
annual transfers from west to east amounting to roughly $80 billion. In January 2009 the
German government approved a €50 billion economic stimulus plan to protect several
sectors from a downturn and a subsequent rise in unemployment rates.
Of the world's 500 largest stock-market-listed companies measured
by revenue in 2010, the Fortune Global 500, 37 are headquartered in
Germany. 30 Germany-based companies are included in the DAX,
the German stock market index. Well-known global brands are
Mercedes-Benz, BMW, SAP, Siemens, Volkswagen, Adidas, Audi,
Allianz, Porsche, and Nivea. Germany is recognised for its
specialised small and medium enterprises. Around 1,000 of these
companies are global market leaders in their segment and are
labelled hidden champions.
SECTORS行业
Primary农业
In 2008 agriculture, forestry, and mining accounted for only 0.9% of
Germany’s gross domestic product (GDP) and employed only 2.4% of the
population, down from 4% in 1991. Much of the reduction in employment
occurred in the eastern states, where the number of agricultural workers
declined by as much as 75% following reunification. However, agriculture is
extremely productive, and Germany is able to cover 90% of its nutritional
needs with domestic production. In fact, Germany is the third largest
agricultural producer in the European Union after France and Italy. Germany’s
principal agricultural products are potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit,
and cabbages. Despite Germany’s high level of industrialization, almost onethird of its territory is covered by forest. The forestry industry provides for
about two-thirds of domestic consumption of wood and wood products, so
Germany is a net importer of these items.
Industry工业
Industry and construction accounted for 29% of gross domestic product in
2008, and employed 29.7% of the workforce. Germany excels in the
production of automobiles, machinery, electrical equipment and chemicals.
With the manufacture of 5.2 million vehicles in 2009, Germany was the world’s
fourth largest producer and largest exporter of automobiles. German
automotive companies enjoy a extremely strong position in the so called
premium segment, with a combined world market share of about 90 %. Of
vital importance is the role of small- to medium-sized manufacturing firms
(Mittelstand companies), which specialize in technologically advanced niche
products and are often family-owned. It is estimated, that about 1500 German
companies occupy a top three position in their respective market segment
worldwide. In about two thirds of all industry sectors German companies
belong to the top three competitors.
Tertiary sector服务业
In 2008 services constituted 69% of gross domestic product (GDP),
and the sector employed 67.5% of the workforce. The subcomponents
of services are financial, renting, and business activities (30.5%);
trade, hotels and restaurants, and transport (18%); and other service
activities (21.7%).