Transcript Contemporary World - Staunton City Schools

The Last Review!
Independence Movements
and the
Contemporary World
Independence Movements: India, the Middle East, and Africa
Evolution of the Indian
Independence Movement
• Right to Selfdetermination (U.N.
Charter)
• British rule India
• World War II weakened
colonial rule
• Mohandas Gandhi
– Began a movement for
independence in 1920
Decolonization in India
• British policies and the
demand for self-rule
led to the rise of the
Indian independence
movement
• Indian Sub-continent
– British India
• India
• Pakistan (former
West Pakistan)
• Bangladesh (former
East Pakistan)
• Sri Lanka (former
Ceylon)
Gandhi
• Nonviolence
• Civil disobedience and
passive resistance
• Used to gain
independence from
Britain
• Gandhi hated the split of
Hindus and Muslims in
India
• How does nonviolence
work?
• Influence on MLK Jr.
Map showing the
creation of
Pakistan and
Bangladesh
Modern India
• Jawaharlal Nehru - a close
associate of Gandhi, supported
western style industrialization
• 1950 Constitution sought to
prohibit caste discrimination
• Ethnic and religious differences
caused problems in the
development of India as a
democratic nation
Ex. Dispute over Kashmir
• New economic development has
helped to ease financial problems
of the nation
Modern India
• Indira Gandhi
• Brought India closer to
the Soviet Union during
the Cold War
• Developed nuclear
weapons (Pakistan also
developed nuclear
weapons)
• Today – religious and
ethnic violence threatens
nuclear war
• Also assassinated
Recall:
League of Nations
Mandate System
British Mandates
French Mandates
INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS IN
THE MIDDLE EAST
Independence in the Middle East
• Mandates created
after WWI phased
out following
WWII
• Middle East
conflicts created by
religious
differences
Which countries on this map were French mandates? British
mandates? What is the dominate religion is this region?
Gamel Abdal Nasser
Egyptian leader – backed by
U.S.S.R.
Creation of Israel 
Arab-Israeli Conflict
Palestinians vs. Jews
Decolonization in
Middle East
Golda Meir – Israeli
prime minister –
backed by U.S.
Today – Arab-Israeli
conflict is a huge source
of ethnic tension in the
world – terrorism!
Yom Kippur War
(1973) – Arabs attack
Israel – Israel wins
with U.S. help
Arabs
Israelis
Creation of Israel
• Balfour Declaration –
Europe, guilty over the
Holocaust, created the
new state of Israel out of
the former British
mandate of Palestine
• Created conflict between
Jews (Israelis) and
Muslims (Palestinians
• Arab-Israeli conflict
Israeli Leadership
• Golda Meir
• Prime Minister of
Israel
• After initial setbacks,
led Israel to victory in
the Yom Kippur War in
1973
• Brought Israel closer
to the United States
Middle East
• Egypt, Iraq, Jordan,
Lebanon, Saudi Arabia,
and Syria invaded Israel
on May 14, 1948
– Israel won
• Egypt had a military coup
led by Gamel Abdel
Nasser, backed by U.S.S.R.
– Aswan High Dam
– Egypt takes over the Suez
Canal
• 1956 Suez Canal
– Support from Europe, Israel
retakes the Suez Canal
Gamal Abdul Nasser
• President of Egypt
• Nationalized Suez
Canal
• Established
relationship with
Soviet Union
• Built the Aswan
High Dam
Arab-Israeli Conflict Today
• Arabs want – Israel
gone, no more Jewish
settlements, rights for
Palestinians in Israel
• Israelis want – end to
suicide bombings,
continuation of Jewish
settlements in
controversial locations
in Israel, control over
Israel
Recall:
Imperialism
European Powers scramble for Africa
Division of the continent about European Imperial Powers
INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS IN
AFRICA
Africa
under
European
Powers
Independence of Africa
• Peaceful and violent
revolutions after WWII
• Pride in African cultures and
heritage
• Resentment toward imperial
rule and economic
exploitation
• Loss of colonies by Great
Britain, France, Belgium, and
Portugal
• Influence of superpower
rivalry during the Cold War
Algeria fought a war for
independence from France.
Kenya: Violent
struggle under
leadership of Jomo
Kenyatta
.
Decolonization of
Africa
South Africa
• Black South Africans struggle against the apartheid
• Apartheid: complete separation of races
• Minority group rules the majority
African National Congress
• Nelson Mandela
– Leader of the
movement
• Desmond Tutu
– Anglican
Archbishop
• Foreign nations
apply pressure
End of the Apartheid
• F.W. de Klerk moved
S. Africa towards
change
Tribal wars over
cultureTrouble with
nationalism
Hutu majority slaughtering the
Tutsi minority in Rwanda
1 million Tutsi murdered
Problems
facing Africa
AIDS
epidemic
Vastness of
Africa
Migration of
refugees, ethnic
and religious
conflicts
Contemporary Issues for Developed and Developing Nations
Economic Interdependence
The countries of the
world are
increasingly
dependent on each
other for raw
materials,
markets, and
financial
resources, although
there is still a
difference between
the developed and
developing nations.
Developed v Developing Nations
Contrasts between developed and developing nations
Characteristic
GDP (per capita)
Definition
In a Developed
Country it is..
How much a country produces High
in one year (per capita means
per person)
In a
Developing
Country it is..
Low
% of population
living in an urban
area
% of people living in cities
High
Low
Population growth
rate
% of population growth each
year
Low
High
Literacy Rate
% of people who can
read/write
High
Low
Life expectancy
Average length person lives
(requires good health care)
High
Low
Developed or Developing?
1.
• 48.1% Urban
• 27/1000 live births Infant
Mortality Rate
• 2.4% Rate of Natural
Increase
• $4,900 GDP Per Capita
• $430 million Imports to
$290 million exports
• Developed or Developing?
2.
• 81.7% Urban
• 1.2% Rate of Natural
Increase
• 32/1000 live births Infant
Mortality Rate
• $7,600 GDP Per Capita
• $59.4 billion exports to
$46.2 billion imports
• Developed or Developing?
Developed or Developing?
3.
• 58.5% Urban
• 0.1% Rate of Natural
Increase
• 4/1000 live births Infant
Mortality Rate
• $26,200 GDP Per Capita
• $40.1 billion exports to
$31.8 billion imports
• Developed or Developing?
4.
• 91.2% Urban
• 0.5% Rate of Natural
Increase
• 5/1000 Live Births Infant
Mortality Rate
• $27,000 GDP Per Capita
• $68 billion imports to $66.3
billion exports
• Developed or Developing?
Answers
1.Belize is developing
2. Brazil is developing, but more developed than
Belize
3. Finland is developed
4. Australia is developed
Developed and
developing nations face
many challenges. These
include migrations,
ethnic and religious
conflicts, and the impact
of new technologies.
1. Migrations of
Refugees and others
2. Ethnic and religious
conflicts
3. Impact of new
technologies
1. Guest Workers and Refugees
•
•
•
•
Guest Workers
…someone from a nonindustrialized country who
moves to an industrialized
country for a paying job
Ex. Turks in Germany
Migrations of “guest
workers” to European cities
“Guest workers” leads to
prejudiced anti-immigration
political action
Refugees
• ….someone who flees from
a violent conflict
• Refugees are an issue in
international conflicts –
why?
• Example of the refugee
crisis: Sudan.
2. Ethnic and Religious conflicts
• Middle East – ArabIsraeli Conflict
• Northern Ireland –
Protestants vs.
Catholics
• Balkans – ethnic
cleansing
• Africa – genocide in
Rwanda and Sudan
• Asia – genocide in
Cambodia, Tamil
Tigers
Ethnic and religious conflicts lead to
terrorism and genocide
3. Impact of New Technologies
Widespread but unequal access to
computers and instantaneous
communications
Genetic engineering and bioethics
Social Challenges facing developing
nations
Poverty
Poor Health
Illiteracy
Famine
Migration
Without a thriving
economy, people have
unequal access to health
care, education, food,
shelter
Globalization
Back to economic interdependence
•
As the world acquires better
technology, the world
shrinks and relies on each
other more frequently than
ever before
•
Role of rapid transportation,
communication, and
computer networks
•
Rise and influence of
multinational corporations
•
Changing role of
international boundaries
European Union – an example of economic, regional
integration
• European Union (1995) – most
of Europe combined their
economies
• Designed to compete
economically with U.S. and
Asia
• Largest economy in the world
• No tariffs between European
countries  regional
integration
• The Euro!
Free Trade =
Economic Interdependence
• Trade Agreements
– North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) – U.S.,
Mexico, and Canada agree to free
trade (NO TARIFFS)
– World Trade Organization (WTO)
– governs international trade,
keeps it free
• International organizations
– International Monetary Fund
(IMF) – loans money to
developing countries
Environment: What economic factors affect the
environment?
1. Economic development
– the more economic
development you have in
your country, the higher
the impact on the
environment
2. Rapid population
growth – the more people
you have in a smaller
space, the higher the
impact on the
environment
•
•
•
•
Environmental Impacts
Pollution
Loss of Habitat
Ozone depletion
Global Warming
Terrorism
Both developed and developing
nations of the world have problems
that are brought about by inequities in
their social, cultural, and economic
systems.
Some individuals choose to deal with
these unequal conditions through the
use of terrorist activities.
Terrorism is the use of violence and
threats to intimidate and coerce for
political reasons.
A major cause of terrorism is religious
extremism.
Examples of international
terrorism
•Munich Olympics
•Terrorist attacks in the United
States (e.g., 9/11/2001) motivated
by extremism (Osama bin Laden).
•Car bombings
•Suicide bombers
•Airline hijackers
Review of Privacy
Rights
Surveillance
Government Response to
International Terrorism
Airport Security
Identification badges and photos
World Organizations, Associations,
and Unions…oh my!
Let’s Review
Descriptions
1. Economic organization that benefits both trade and politics
in Europe; common currency, the Euro
2. Created after World War II it was created to prevent or solve
conflicts
3. Gives loans to developing nations to build roads, bridges,
and industry
4. Promotes free trade/trade agreements between countries
5. Free trade (no tariffs) between U.S. Mexico, and Canada)
6. Military alliance formed to fight communists after World
War II (the former Warsaw Pact countries join in the 1990s).
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
EU: European Union
UN: United Nations
IMF: International Monetary Fund
WTO: World Trade Organization
NAFTA: North America Free Trade Agreement
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization