Transcript Integrated State of the Environment Report

Environment Statistics
&
Accounts Workshop
07 – 11 March 2010
ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
By: Joseph K. Minnaar
Central Bureau of Statistics
NAMIBIA
ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS
INTRODUCTION
Environment-Economic-Accounts (EEA)
ENERGY
Indicators (4)

NATIONAL COMMERCIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION:

PEAK POWER DEMAND AND ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION:

NATIONAL PETROLEUM FUEL CONSUMPTION:

COST OF PETROLEUM FUEL:
Aggregate
commercial energy consumption and trend expressed by energy carrier - Measured in Tonnes of
Oil Equivalent (TOE), per capita, per unit GDP (at market prices), as % change from the previous
year, and as contribution of energy carriers to total consumption
Electricity
consumption level and trend expressed by source and sector. - Peak power demand is measured
in megawatt (MW), while consumption of electrical energy is measured in gigawatt hours (GWh).
The shares of power sources are expressed as percentages.
Petroleum fuel
consumption trends Measured in Tonnes Oil Equivalent; as % of total energy use; per capita, per
sector; per petroleum fuel type.
Measured in N$/GJ
Price of petroleum fuels to the end user.
MANUFACTURING
Indicators (3)

NON PRIMARY SHARE OF EXPORTS:
Proportion of exports that do not come from traditional sources such as agriculture,
mines and fishing. - Expressed as a percentage.

EFFECTIVENESS OF WATER QUALITY POLICY:
Percentage of urban population who live in municipal areas which are in breach of
water quality permits. - Expressed as a percentage

INDUSTRIES WITH HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL
FACILITIES:
Percentage of industry value added in regions with hazardous waste disposal
facilities. - Expressed as a percentage
TRANSPORT
Indicators (4)

ANNUAL UNLEADED PETROL MARKET PENETRATION: The
volume unleaded petrol sold as a % of the total petrol sales. The % ratio between
total unleaded and total petrol sales annually.

ROAD SAFETY: The average number of deaths per capita caused by road traffic
accidents. - The total number of accident deaths divided by the total population, both in current
figures.

ACCESSIBILITY TO PORTS:

AVIATION SAFETY:
The total volume of cargo handled. - The sum of
all cargo handled through port operations, summed in ton.
The total number of deaths per passenger transported. - The
total number of accident deaths divided by the total passenger count, both in current figures.
FRESHWATER RESOURCES
Indicators (17)

MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL: The volume of rain falling over the whole
country is calculated using the annual rainfall depths recorded at as many rainfall
stations as possible. A surface is fitted over these depths and the volume under the
surface calculated.

DATA COLLECTION EFFORT:

ANNUAL RUNOFF: Runoff is measured at key runoff stations by the
This simple indicator measures the level of
effort being put into collection of rainfall data, which is fundamental to water
environment studies.
Hydrology Division in DWA on a continuous basis. These stations are either surface
water storage dams or gauging weirs.

POLLUTION OF GROUNDWATER: The number of sites where unacceptable
levels of concentration of contaminants have been measured expressed as a proportion of the
total number of sites monitored.
FRESHWATER RESOURCES



ROUTINE MONITORING OF WATER LEVELS IN THE NONSTRATEGIC,
REGIONAL AQUIFERS: The depth from surface to the rest water level is to be
measured in sentinel boreholes designated for this purpose. As the frequency of this
monitoring is to be annual it is recommended that measurement be carried out
manually.
MONTHS OF ADEQUATE ABSTRACTION IN STRATEGIC AQUIFERS:
Calculation of the number of months it would take, at current levels of abstraction, to
deplete a strategic aquifer assuming no recharge. The geometry and aquifer
parameters are known for strategic aquifers and thus a volume of stored
groundwater that may be abstracted can be calculated from measurement of rest
water levels. Volumes of water pumped are continually monitored and therefore the
rate of abstraction can be averaged for certain intervals. Using these two values it is
possible to calculate the time it would take to deplete the aquifer.
VALUE ADDED: The contribution to GDP per m³ of water used in different economic
sectors. Measured in N$/m3. The higher the better.
FRESHWATER RESOURCES

MONITORING OF AMBIENT CHANGES IN WATER QUALITY:
Changes in ambient water quality are to be monitored through major ion analyses of
samples taken from sentinel production boreholes in strategic aquifers. Samples of
water are to be taken from sentinel boreholes annually at the end of the dry season
and analysed at the NamWater laboratory for major ions.

NAMWATER COST RECOVERY: The ratio of “full cost” unit tariffs to
existing tariffs. The measurement appears as a percentage such that 50% means
that 50% of costs are covered by current NamWater tariffs. The range will be from 0100% where 100% represents full cost recovery.

UNACCOUNTED FOR WATER: The amount of unaccounted for water in an
urban centre as a % of total supply to that centre. A comparison needs to be made
between the production figures for an urban centre and the level of consumption
therein.
FRESHWATER RESOURCES

WATER CONSUMPTION BY RESOURCE TYPE: Water consumed as
percentage of sustainable supply potential for each of ephemeral, perennial, ground
and unconventional water resources. Measurement is made by summing up national
consumption of water from the four sources and calculating these totals as a
percentage of the established and accepted sustainable yield.

INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN POPULATION
CENTRES: The level of awareness and level of implementation of components of
integrated water resource management (IWRM) in centers using water from various
sources in Namibia. This simple indicator measures the level of effort being put into
basic components of water demand management, as a part of integrated water
resource management, and the level of awareness of authorities.

EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNITY BASED MANAGEMENT: The number
of times Water Point Committees require the assistance of the Rural Water Supply.
This simple indicator measures the effectiveness of the Water Point Committees to
maintain the supply of water to the community
FRESHWATER RESOURCES



WHITE PAPER ON WATER AND NEW WATER ACT: A White Paper on Water and
new Water Act that include allocation of water to an environmental reserve and
focuses on sustainability of water use. Measurement of this simple indicator would
consist of the presence of a carefully considered White Paper on water and a new
Water Act.
DEPENDENCE ON SHARED RESOURCES: 1) The quantity of water abstracted
from the shared perennial rivers as a percentage of the total agreed allocation to
Namibia and 2) The quantity of water abstracted from the shared perennial rivers as
a percentage of total water consumed in the country. Measurement is made by
summing up the total water abstracted by bulk water suppliers and abstraction by
riverside dwellers (estimated as accurately as possible).
CO-OPERATION WITH NEIGHBOURING RIPARIAN STATES: Co-operation
with neighbouring riparian states is defined by the number of co-operation and
allocation agreements in place between Namibia and the relevant states on a basin
by basin basis.
SOCIAL & ECONOMIC
ENVIRONMENT [14]

FDI AS PERCENTAGE OF GDP: is the ratio between the net foreign direct
investment inflows into the county as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (which
reflects the total value added of all economic activity of the country); and it is used
as (1) an indicator to measure the extent to which the country is able to mobilize
external sources in support of economic development and (2) a proxy indicator for
the extent of technology transfer;

“FISCAL INDISCIPLINE”: is developed as a combination of (1) the
country’s debt service and (2) total tax income, both as a share of GDP. It is used to
indicate the extent to which the financing of the Government budget deficit (1a) is
carried over to future generations and/or (2a) is passed onto the economically active
population, thereby reducing disposable income;

REAL ECONOMIC GROWTH RATE: relates the overall performance of
the economy to the population growth rate. It provides an indicator on the extent to
which the economy is able to carry its population (note that this indicator does not
cover the distribution of income) and is calculated as the economic growth rate minus
the population growth rate;
SOCIAL & ECONOMIC
ENVIRONMENT

TOURISM EARNINGS AS PERCENTAGE OF GDP:

ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION:

HUMAN POVERTY INDEX:
is the ratio
of all tourism related income as recorded in the National Accounts and the GDP. It
indicates the extent to which the natural environment is used for tourism instead of
primary resource utilization (agriculture and mining);
is developed as a composite
indicator from the sectoral composition of GDP, Manufacturing Value Added (MVA)
and the trend in the country’s Terms of Trade. It measures the purchasing power of
exports in relation to imports showing the change in reliance on primary commodity
production, reliance on primary inputs into manufacturing and the level of
dependence on primary commodity exports;
derived from five variables namely life
expectancy, literacy, percentage of underweight children, access to safe water and
access to health care. The indicator measures the general incidence of deprivation
rather than the depth or severity of poverty;
SOCIAL & ECONOMIC
ENVIRONMENT

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX:

COLLECTIVE LAND MANAGEMENT INDICATOR: derived from
derived from four variables namely
life expectancy at birth, school enrolment, adult literacy and per capita income. The
indicator measures the general level of wellbeing of the population;
the area of land registered as commercial and communal conservancies as a
proportion of the total land area excluding national park areas;

RESULTS OF JUNIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE
EVALUATIONS: providing a measure of the quality of education and allowing
for comparison from year to year;

VULNERABILITY INDICATOR: derived from a classification of vulnerable
sections of the population and environmental and economic conditions during a
specific year. The data for this indicator is gathered on an annual basis by the Early
Warning Unit and the Emergency Management Unit;
SOCIAL & ECONOMIC
ENVIRONMENT


RATE OF UNEMPLOYMENT: measures the proportion of the labour force which are
not employed and which are available for employment and are seeking employment:
THE EXTENT OF GENDER EQUALITY: Derived from the extent to which women
hold senior position in government as a proxy of access to decision making and the
de-facto level of gender equality;

RATE OF GROWTH OF THE URBAN POPULATION: measuring the speed at
which the size of the urban population is growing. By comparing the growth in urban
population with the overall population growth rate in a specific geographical area, the
change in pressure on both rural and urban environments can be deducted;

POPULATION PRESSURE INDICATOR: is derived from a combination of
growing periods, population density,use of firewood for cooking and dependency on
agriculture. It combines four variables with data at different levels of disaggregation
to provide an indication of the extent of pressure exerted on the environment. It is
expressed as the percentage of landmass under strong and medium pressure and is
calculated through GIS spatial analysis.
AGRICULTURE & LAND
RESOURCES
Indicators: (10)

SECURITY OF TENURE:

RANGELAND CONDITION INDEX:
Security of tenure indicates the extent to which
the users of land based resources feel secure in the user-rights which they enjoy.
tenure security is likely to contribute significantly to more sustainable land use
practices. Data to measure this indicator will have to be obtained through regular
surveys in different regions of the country.
The Rangeland Condition Index
is an indicator of the extent to which rangeland condition is improving or declining.
Rangeland is measured as a condition score (percentage or index) in relation to the
potential for that area. Four processes in the rangeland ecosystem are measured:
– Water cycle (soil surface condition)
– Mineral cycle (micro-organisms in soil)
– Energy flow (vigour, density, composition)
– Community dynamics (composition, ecological status, bush encroachment) This
indicator is most useful at the local level.
AGRICULTURE & LAND
RESOURCES


SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT: This is a composite indicator
including, initially: land area used for irrigated crop production. This shows the extent
of investment in irrigation infrastructure, which may be considered a significant
enhancement of natural resources available for agriculture and b) An assessment of
progress towards the establishment of irrigation scheme management boards State of
the Environment Report on Agriculture and Land Resources Agriculture & Land
Resources Consortium giving users responsibility for large-scale irrigation scheme
infrastructure. The presence of an irrigation board would indicate the likelihood that
farmers are employing good irrigation management practices.
FOREST AND CROP AREA CHANGE: This indicator measures changes in absolute
and percentage terms in the area of land in the northern communal areas (a) with
forest cover, (b) that has been cleared for cultivation, and (c) that is actually
cultivated. This indicator of changing pressures on land resources will give an
indication of the degree to which:
 forested areas are diminishing
 cleared land is increasing
 cultivated land is increasing
 cleared land is being used for cultivation
AGRICULTURE & LAND
RESOURCES

MAINTENANCE OF THE HYDROLOGICAL FUNCTION OF WETLANDS:
Water supply, both in terms of quantity and quality, whether below or above ground,
needs to be maintained if the products and services provided by wetlands are to
continue to play an important role in agricultural production in Namibia. Given the
assumption that water quantity and quality determine to a large extent the products
and services (in terms of agriculture) provided by wetlands, this indicator would
provide a direct measure of a wetland systems ability to continue to supply those
goods and services.

PERCENTAGE GDP SPENT ON AGRICULTURE AND FOREST
RESOURCES RESEARCH, EXTENSION AND TRAINING (RET).: This
indicator measures the percentage of primary agricultural GDP and total GDP, and of
GRN expenditure spent on agricultural and forest resources research, extension and
training service provision. Its purpose is to monitor government expenditure on
agricultural and forest resources-related RET, in comparison to other government
services and in relation to the sector’s contribution to GDP, and international norms.
RET services are one of society’s key means of facilitating its “response” to the
changing status of natural resources, as well as in determining the nature of
production “pressures” on the natural environment.
AGRICULTURE & LAND
RESOURCES


POPULATION PRESSURE INDICATOR:
The indicator on
population pressure has been taken from the SOER on the Socio-Economic
Environment in Namibia. (Urban Dynamics Africa, Trend Line 1999). This indicator
consists of a number of variables: - population density, % population dependent on
agriculture, % population using firewood for cooking and an aridity index, all of
which directly affect agriculture and land use.
MAINTENANCE OF THE HYDROLOGICAL FUNCTION
OF WETLANDS: Water supply, both in terms of quantity and quality,
whether below or above ground, needs to be maintained if the products and
services provided by wetlands are to continue to play an important role in
agricultural production in Namibia. Assuming any decline in amount and quality of
water supply to wetland systems results in a decline in wetland agricultural
production, the indicator can be measured by using hydrological and water quality
data currently being collected by DWA.
AGRICULTURE & LAND
RESOURCES

GDP SPENT ON AGRICULTURE AND FOREST
RESOURCES---ESEARCH, EXTENSION AND TRAINING
(RET): % of primary agricultural GDP and total GDP, and of GRN expenditure
spent on agricultural and forest resources research, extension and training service
provision by the government. Based on published financial reports and national
accounts.

POPULATION PRESSURE (CHANGE/MOVEMENT):
The
density of the population divided by the surface area. Measured through a
combination of population density, percentage of the Population dependant on
agriculture and the percentage of people using firewood for cooking. Overall, this
measure is relative to the general carrying capacity of the land (relative to aridity
index).
BIODIVERSITY, PARKS &
TOURISM

Indicators (16)

MET’s ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EXPENDITURE:
a) MET’s total budget, including donor assistance for MET-registered projects, as a
percentage of the total GRN budget. b) Donor aid as a percentage of MET’s total
budget (including funding for research programmes). c) MET’s annual operating costs
versus capital costs. - a) % and b) % c) Ratio

UNCONTROLLED BURNING:
The extent and proportion of vegetation
types burnt by uncontrolled fires per annum by location km2.


SPECIES DIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION STATUS:
a)
The total number of species per taxonomic group or the estimated number where the
total is unknown. b) The number of Red Data species as a percentage of the total
number of species. c) The number of endemic species as a percentage of the total
number of Species - Number
BIODIVERSITY, PARKS &
TOURISM

BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION:

MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS:

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND POLICIES:
The percentage of each major
vegetation unit (Giess) conserved in P&Pas (including conservancies) and the
percentage of areas of special ecological importance conserved, as defined in PART
3, section 1.3.2. - Area and percentage
The number of P&PAs
by protection category with current and implemented management plans – Number
a) The
number of international conventions, agreements, protocols and treaties signed by
Namibia relating to Parks, Tourism and Biodiversity in their widest sense. b) The
number of international conventions etc. implemented by Namibia c) The number of
policies supporting International and National Conventions and commitments
relating to Parks, Tourism and Biodiversity e.g. the Convention for Biological
Diversity, CITES, the Namibian Constitution etc. - Number
BIODIVERSITY, PARKS &
TOURISM


THE AREA OF COMMUNAL CONSERVANCIES:
The area
that falls within the boundaries of gazetted communal area conservancies. The area
that falls within the finalised boundaries of emerging communal area conservancies.
- Square kilometres.
THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS IN REGISTERED
COMMUNAL AREA CONSERVANCIES IN NAMIBIA:
The
number of individuals registered within communal conservancies as determined by
conservancy constitutions. - Number.

THE TOTAL COMMUNAL CONSERVANCY INCOME
FROM NATURAL RESOURCE BASED ACTIVITIES: Gross
income earned and registered by conservancies in Namibian dollars over the period
of one calendar year. - Namibian dollars.
BIODIVERSITY, PARKS &
TOURISM

NUMBER OF VISITORS TO EACH PARK AND
PROTECTED AREA: The number of visitors to each registered Park and
Protected Area, including conservancies per annum. - Number

VOLUME OF WOOD HARVESTED FOR SUBSISTENCE
PURPOSES: The rate of removal of trees per annum for firewood, building
timber, craft production and agricultural land clearance.- Tonnes per annum

LEGAL TRADE IN CITES SPECIES: a) Number of CITES-listed
species being legally exported or sold. b) Number of permits issued and utilised for
legal collecting and harvesting of CITES species. c) The number of CITES species
being illegally poached or traded.- Number
BIODIVERSITY, PARKS &
TOURISM


ENFORCEMENT AND CONTROL OF ILLEGAL TRADE:
a)
The number of people and organisations involved in the control of illegal trade in wild
species. b) The number of seizures/prosecutions/violations of illegal wild species per
year. – Number
NUMBER OF VISITORS TO NAMIBIA:
The number of visitors to
Namibia per annum by country/area of origin. - Total number and percentage.

NUMBER OF RESEARCH PROGRAMMES:

NUMBER OF GRADUATES IN NATURAL SCIENCES:
Total number of
research programmes relating to parks, tourism and biodiversity initiated per annum.
– Number
The
number of Namibians graduating in a tertiary institution in a biological science per
year. - Number
MINING
Indicators (8)


CONTRIBUTION OF MINING TO GDP:
Annual GDP from mining
as a proportion of total annual GDP National Accounts, expressed as %
OTHER MANUFACTURING VS MINING FOREIGN
EXCHANGE EARNINGS RATIO: Annual forex earnings of
manufacturing other than fish and meat processing as a proportion of mining forex
earnings. – National Accounts, expressed as %

MEMBERSHIP OF SMALL MINERS ASSOCIATION:
Membership of Small Miners Association as a proportion of the total number of small
miners. - Numbers supplied by the Small Miners Association (SMA)

PENDING MINERAL LICENCE APPLICATIONS:
Total
number of unprocessed applications for mineral licenses. - Total number of
unprocessed applications for mineral licenses at the end of each year
MINING

MODIFICATIONS TO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
PLANS REDUCEDING IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT:
Annual number of modifications to environmental management plans which result in
reduced impacts on the environment - Count of the annual number of modifications

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRACT COMPLIANCE:

FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY OF MINE ACCIDENTS:

GEOLOGICAL MAPPING:
Proportion of lapsed
Exclusive Prospecting Licenses (EPLs) that have complied with their environmental
contracts relative to the total number of lapsed EPLs.
Frequency:
Number of accidents/200,000 employee hours worked Severity: Number of shifts
lost/200,000 employee hours worked . - Obtain annual frequency and severity
statistics from Annual Report of the Chamber of Mines of Namibia
Total number of 1:50 000 geological sheets
mapped each year vs total 1:50 000 sheets covering mappable geology. Count
number of 1:50 000 geological sheets mapped each year
WASTE MANAGEMENT &
POLLUTION CONTROL

POLLUTION OF GROUNDWATER: The number of sites where
unacceptable levels of concentration of contaminants have been measured expressed
as a proportion of the total number of sites monitored. - Analysis for site-specific
determinants in groundwater samples collected at specific monitoring sites.

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