Transcript Saharan Africa

Human Geography of
Saharan Africa
Unit V
Objectives:
1.Describe the culture of North Africa as it relates to the economy and
religion.
a) Examine the changing roles for women in North Africa. What are
the chances of equality there?
2.Analyze the importance of the Nile River to the Egyptians both past and
present.
Essential Question:
Who controls a river if that river flows through more than one country?
People's Democratic
Republic of Algeria
Population: 34,178,188
HIV/AIDS % Rate: 0.1%
Infant Mortality Rate: 23.4
deaths/1,000 live births
Average Years of School: 13
years
GDP: $274.5 billion
Life Expectancy: 74.73 years
Chad
Population: 11,193,452
HIV/AIDS % Rate: 3.4%
Infant Mortality Rate: 93.61 deaths/1,000
live births
Average Years of School: 7 years
GDP: $21.34 billion
Life Expectancy: 49 years
Arab Republic
of Egypt
Population: 85,294,388
HIV/AIDS % Rate: < 0.1%
Infant Mortality Rate: 24.23
deaths/1,000 live births
Average Years of School: 11
years
GDP: $274.5 billion
Life Expectancy: 73 years
Eritrea
Population: 6,233,682
HIV/AIDS % Rate: 0.8%
Infant Mortality Rate: 40.34
deaths/1,000 live births
Average Years of School: 5
years
GDP: $4.4 billion
Life Expectancy: 63 years
Libya
Population: 6,002,347
HIV/AIDS % Rate: 0.3%
Infant Mortality Rate: 12.7
deaths/1,000 live births
Average Years of School: 17
years
GDP: $88 billion
Life Expectancy: 78 years
Mali
Population: 15,968,882
HIV/AIDS % Rate: 1%
Infant Mortality Rate: 108.7
deaths/1,000 live births
Average Years of School: 8
years
GDP: $17.35 billion
Life Expectancy: 53 years
Islamic Republic
of Mauritania
Population: 3,437,610
HIV/AIDS % Rate: .7%
Infant Mortality Rate: 59
deaths/1,000 live births
Average Years of School: 8
years
GDP: $7.62 billion
Life Expectancy: 62 years
Kingdom of
Morocco
Population: 32,649,130
HIV/AIDS % Rate: .1%
Infant Mortality Rate: 26.5
deaths/1,000 live births
Average Years of School: 10
years
GDP: $171 billion
Life Expectancy: 76 years
Niger
Population: 16,899,327
HIV/AIDS % Rate: .8%
Infant Mortality Rate: 89.7
deaths/1,000 live births
Average Years of School: 5
years
GDP: $13.5 billion
Life Expectancy: 54 years
Sudan
Population: 34,847,910
HIV/AIDS % Rate: 1.1%
Infant Mortality Rate: 55.6
deaths/1,000 live births
Average Years of School: 4
years
GDP: $80.43 billion
Life Expectancy: 63 years
Tunisia
Population: 10,835,873
HIV/AIDS % Rate: < .1%
Infant Mortality Rate: 25 deaths/1,000 live
births
Average Years of School: 15 years
GDP: $ 104.4 billion
Life Expectancy: 75 years
Population Pyramids
Linguistic Map of Africa
Ethnic Groups of North Africa
Religions of Africa
Sahara Desert Population Density
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Cairo, Egypt – 9,120,350
Lagos, Nigeria – 8,029,200
Kinshasa, DRC – 7,843,000
Alexandria, Egypt – 4,110,015
Abidjan, Cote d’ Ivoire – 3,802,000
Cape Town, South Africa – 3,497,097
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia – 3,384,569
Casablanca, Morocco – 2,949,805
Ibadan, Nigeria – 2,338,659
Kano, Nigeria – 2,163,225
1
8
4
Largest African Cities
http://www.travelchannel.com/video/adventure-awaits-in-cairo
Saharan Africa
Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Saharan Africa, or
North Africa, is made
up of 11 countries and
1 territory.
• The independent
nations of Algeria,
Chad, Egypt, Eritrea,
Libya, Mali, Mauritania,
Morocco, Niger, Sudan,
and Tunisia.
• Western Sahara is the
only territory, it is
claimed by Morocco.
Sub-Saharan Africa
refers to countries
“below” the Sahara
Desert.



The majority of people living
in North Africa are Arab in
ethnicity and speak Arabic.
There are a few large ethnic
groups that exist that predate
the Arab populations.
Berbers
◦ 34 million Berbers living in
Algeria, Burkina Faso, Egypt,
Libya, Mali, Mauritania,
Morocco, Niger, and Tunisia

Tuaregs
◦ 1.2 million Tuaregs living in
Algeria, Burkina Faso, Libya,
Mali, Morocco, Niger, and
Tunisia.
Saharan People
About a 1/3 of
the people who
live in the
desert are
pastoral
nomads. Many
desert nomads
belong to a
group known as
the Tuareg. The
Tuareg live in
six countries in
the southern
Sahara and the
Sahel.
Adaptations to Life in the Desert
The nomadic Tuareg raise camels, goats,
cattle, or sheep. When the pasture in one
area has been exhausted, or used up, the
Tuareg move their animals to a fresh grazing
area.
 The Tuareg are known as the “Blue Men of
the Desert” because of their flowing blue
robes. Their long, loose clothing protects
them from the scorching sun. Men also wear
blue cloth wrapped around their heads and
across their faces. Some Tuareg men never
remove this face cover, even in the presence
of close family members.
 Tuareg nomads live in family groups of fewer
than 100 people. Always prepared to
move, a Tuareg family needs only two hours
to disassemble the tents that are their
homes and pack up their belongings. All of a
family’s possessions will fit on one camel or
two donkeys.

The Wandering Tuareg
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/places/countries-places/mali/mali_tuaregfarmer/
Pastoral nomads have found many
uses for lightweight plastic and metal
containers.
 Meanwhile, some desert traders can
afford satellite phones to keep in
touch with their customers.
 Technology has even created new
oases. Drilling machines cut through
rock to locate underground water,
and electric pumps then draw this
water to the surface.
 Trucks and planes have improved
desert transportation. Trucks are
replacing camels for hauling heavy
loads, and small planes are used to
fly people and goods between oases.

Technology Makes Life Easier
Islam, a religion based on
the teachings of the prophet
Muhammad, is a major
religious and culture
influence on Northern Africa.
 Muslim invaders from
Southwest Asia began to
spread Islam among North
Africa starting around A.D.
634.
 As of 2010, 41%, or
421,938,820 people, of
Africans were Muslim.

 The majority of that population
lives in Saharan and East Africa.
The Spread of Islam
A mosque in Marcory, Côte d'Ivoire.
The Great Mosque of Djenne, Mali,
originally built in the 13th century.
The Spread of Islam
The Great Mosque of Kairouan was
founded in and is the oldest and
most prestigious mosque in North
Africa, located in the city
of Kairouan, Tunisia.
While North Africa is almost
exclusively Muslim, there are
small populations of Christians
living in Chad and Egypt.
 Egyptian Christians are
generally known as Copts and
account for about 9-20% of the
population.
 The Egyptian Coptic Orthodox
population has struggled since
the revolution of 2012.

The Coptic Orthodox Christian Cross
◦ People have been fired or denied
educations, or even harassed and
killed, on the basis of their
Christian faith, which they are
required to declare on official
government documents.
Christianity in North Africa
 The
Nile River valley created a cultural
hearth, a place where ideas and innovations
came together to change a region.
 Egyptians have been living around and
farming the Nile since 3300 B.C.
Roots of Civilization

In 1869 the artificial
waterway known as the Suez
Canal was completed
connecting the Mediterranean
Sea to the Red Sea.
◦ Therefore connecting Europe to
Asia by sea.

Israel controlled the Suez
Canal briefly during the 1973,
Yom Kippur War between
Israel and Egypt/Syria.
◦ Israel gave control of the Canal
back to Egypt in 1975.
Egypt – Gateway to the East


Current Egyptian President
Mohamed Morsi


Long known for its pyramids and ancient
civilization, Egypt is the largest Arab
country and has played a central role in
Middle Eastern politics in modern times.
Politics: President Mubarak stepped
down in February 2011 amid an uprising,
handing power to the military. The
Islamist Muslim Brotherhood won the
presidential election in 2012.
Economy: The Egyptian economy is the
2nd largest in the Arab world after Saudi
Arabia, but struggles to support the
growing population.
International: Egypt has been a key ally
of the West; it has played a major role in
the Israeli-Arab conflict. Egypt was the
first Arab country to recognize Israel as
an independent nation.
Modern Egypt





The landlocked country of Mali experienced rapid economic
during the 1990s, coupled with a flourishing democracy and
relative social stability.
This all changed in early 2012, with the collapse of the
government in North Mali was followed by an uncertain military
coup and French military intervention against Islamist fighters
who threatened to advance south.
Politics: Mali was regarded as a model of African democracy
until military seized power in March 2012. Tuareg rebels declared
the independence of 'Azawad state' in the north, which was
quickly taken over by al-Qaeda allies.
Economy: Mali is among the 25 poorest countries. It is highly
dependant on gold mining and agricultural exports such as
cotton.
International: France responds to a Malian request and swiftly
recaptures key cities in the north.
Conflict in Mali
The Arab Spring
The “Arab Spring” was a democratic
movement throughout the Arab world
that protested repressive regimes.
The Arab Spring was predominantly
started by the Arab youth in Northern
Africa, through websites like
Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube.
The Arab Spring started in Tunisia
when a young street vender named
Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on
fire in protest of a corrupt local
government.
A series of increasingly violent street
demonstrations through December
2010 ultimately led to the ousting of
longtime President Zine El Abidine
Ben Ali on January 14, 2011.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2z-rKjTivDs
Inspired by the uprising in Tunisia, protests in
country's
Egypt began on"Our
January
25, 2011 and ran for
18 days.
condition was getting
worse and worse.
The Egyptian government shut down the
There
was
country’s internet
access
and corruption,
cell phone
reception during
the protests
in an attempt to
torture,
injustice,
cripple the resistance.
inequality and no
Someone
President Hosnifreedom.
Mubarak had
been in power
for 32 years when
resigned
role
as
hadheto
standhisup
and
president on February 10, 2011 handing over
say 'enough
power to the Egyptian
military. is
enough“ - Ahmed
On June 24, 2012,
in Egypt’s
firstprotester
free
Raafat
Amin,
elections, Mohamed Morsi was elected
president.
Arab Spring - Egypt

Antigovernment protests started in
Libya’s 2nd largest city of Benghazi in
February 2011.
◦ Colonel Muammar Gaddafi declared that the
rebels would be "hunted down street by street,
house by house and wardrobe by wardrobe

In March 2011, the UN Security Council
passed a resolution which authorized "all
necessary measures" - except troops on
the ground - to protect civilians.
◦ Operations by the NATO were largely confined
to air attacks,
◦ Following 6 months of fighting, rebel forces
took Tripoli.

Gaddafi was shot and killed October 20,
2011 symbolizing the end of a repressive
regimen and signaling the beginning of
democracy for Libyans.
Arab Spring - Libya
While the “Arab Spring” brought many
democratic changes to Egypt, Libya, and
Tunisia much of the rest of Saharan
African governments have remained the
same.
 Mauritania is under the control of a
military Junta since a Coup d'état in
2005.

Above: President Mohamed
Ould Abdel of Mauritania.
Below: Mohammed VI of
Morocco has been King since
1999.
◦ Like those in charge of South America for much
of the 20th century.
Morocco has a Monarchy that has been
in charge since 1956 that shares power
with an elected Parliament.
 The remaining countries of Algeria, Chad,
Eritrea, Mali, and Niger all have elected
republican forms of government.

◦ Eritrea is still in a transitional period of
government.
Saharan Government

North African households tend to be
centered around males.
◦ Men work and few women hold jobs
after they marry.
◦ Men and women generally eat and
pray separately.

This is changing across North Africa,
more specifically Tunisia.
◦ Polygamy has been outlawed.
◦ An increase in spousal abuse
punishment.
◦ Either spouse may request a divorce.
◦ Preteen girls can no longer be put into
arranged marriages.
◦ Equal pay for equal work.
Changing Roles for Women
Equality?
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The countries in North Africa
almost exclusively rely on
the primary sector of the
economy.
Algeria, Libya, and Egypt all
rely on petroleum to
finance the economies.
While the rest of North
Africa relies on agriculture
and mining (gold, salt,
uranium) to survive.
Tunisia has large
manufacturing and service
sectors of the economy.
◦ Textiles and machinery
North African Economies


Egypt is the most successful
country in North Africa.
Not only do they have
access to oil reserves, but
they also have the fertile
soils surrounding the Nile
River Basin that provide for
rich agricultural products.
◦ Cotton and textiles

Success Stories
In Egypt 51% of the people
work in the service industry
(Tertiary), 32% work in
agriculture (Primary), and
17% work in manufacturing
(Secondary)
 North
African Souks, or marketplaces, are very
common in North Africa. A typical city will have a
souk, located in its medina, or old section.
 One of the best examples of souks come from
Morocco, these markets are known for their highpressured sells and intense haggling.
North African Markets
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ov-pLDT_UO0