Transcript Types of Financial Institutions

Finance and
the Firm
1
 The field of finance
 The duties of financial managers
 The basic goal of a business firm
 Legal and ethical challenges for
financial managers
 Forms of business organization
2
 Financial Management
• Analyze and forecast a firm’s
performance
• Evaluate investment opportunities
 Financial Markets and Institutions
• The flow of funds through institutions
• Markets in which financial assets are sold
• Impact of interest rates on that flow of
funds
 Investments
• Locate, select, and manage money
producing assets.
3
Financial Statements
Balance Sheet
Assets
Liabilities
Equity
 Liabilities and equity represent sources of
funds.
 Assets represent uses of funds.
 Liabilities represent a debt claim.
 Equity represents an ownership claim.
4
Capital Budgeting
Capital Structure Policy
Working Capital Management
5
Financial Management
ST Assets
ST Liabilities
LT Assets
LT Liabilities
Equity
 Capital Budgeting
 Deals with the firm’s investment
in long-term real assets
 e.g., in what projects should the
firm invest?
6
Financial Management
ST Assets
ST Liabilities
LT Assets
LT Liabilities
Equity
 Capital Structure Policy
 Deals with long-term financing of
the firm’s activities
 e.g., what mix of long term debt
and equity will the firm use?
7
Financial Management
ST Assets
ST Liabilities
LT Assets
LT Liabilities
Equity
 Working Capital Management
 Deals with management of short-term
(current) assets.
 e.g., will the firm purchase supplies on
credit or pay cash?
8
Investments
 Looks at financial analysis from
perspective of investor
 Stockholders are owners of the firm
 Bondholders are creditors of the firm
 From investor’s perspective, what
matters is the rate of return on a security
 Risk-return tradeoff: Investors prefer high
returns to low returns and low risk to high risk.
 From the firm’s perspective this rate of return
represents a cost of funds.
9
 Financial markets and institutions facilitate the
flow of funds in the economy
 This makes society more productive, thus
increasing social welfare
 Topics include:
 How interest rate levels are determined
 How the Fed controls the money supply
 Relationships between macroeconomic
variables such as inflation, interest rates,
money supply and GDP.
10
 Measure a firm’s performance
 Forecast financial consequences
 Recommend new investment
 Locate external financing
 Recommend best financing mix
 Determine financial expectations of
owners
11
 The primary financial goal of the business
firm is to maximize the wealth of the firm’s
owners (or the value of the firm).
 This is not necessarily the same as
“maximizing profits”.
12
 The value of a firm is determined by what
people are willing to pay for it.
 The financial manager should make
decisions that cause people to think more
favorably about the firm.
 Value depends on future prospects
and risk.
13
 Cash flows
– Necessary to pay the bills
– Not the same as sales or profits
 Timing of cash flows
– Cash received sooner is better than cash
received later
 Risk
– Definite cash inflows are generally
preferred to uncertain cash inflows
14
 Agency issues
 Managers are agents for the firm’s
owners but they may have interests
that conflict with those owners.
 These agency conflicts impose costs
(such as the cost of accounting audits).
 Interests of non-owner stakeholders
 Workers, creditors, suppliers,
customers, and others are not owners,
but may have a stake in the business.
15
Legal and Ethical Challenges
 The interests of society as a whole may
not coincide with the interests of owners
of a firm.
 Costs of disposing of toxic waste reduce
owners’ profits.
 There may be goodwill generated by
voluntary actions that benefit society.
 Sometimes the right thing must be done in
spite of the cost to the company
 Government often imposes rules that
force companies to respond to the best
interests of society.
16
 Sole Proprietorship
 Advantages
• Easily Established
• Minimal Organizational Costs
• Keep all Generated Profits
 Disadvantages
• Unlimited Liability
• Losses absorbed by owner
• Limited Capital
• Limited Life
17
 General Partnership
 Advantages
 Minimal Organizational Requirements
 Negligible Government Regulations
 Disadvantages
• Unlimited Liability
• Must be Dissolved or
Reorganized if a Partner
Leaves or Dies
18
 Limited Partnership (LP)
 Two classes of partners
• General Partners
• Limited Partners
 Every partnership must have at
least one general partner
19
 Limited Partnership (LP)
General Partners
Advantages
•Participate actively in management
•More favorable allocation of
ownership/profit/losses
Disadvantages
•Unlimited Liability
20
 Limited Partnership (LP)
Limited Partners
Advantages
•Limited liability
Disadvantages
•not active in management
•less favorable allocation of
ownership/profit/losses
21
 Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
Similar to General Partnership
•operates like a corporation
•limited liability
•partnership not taxed
•income passed through to
partners and partners are taxed
22
 Corporation
 A legal “person” separate and distinct
from its owners
•
•
Advantages
– Limited Liability
– Permanency
– Transferability of Ownership
– Better Access to Capital
Disadvantages
 Double Taxation
 Time and Cost of Incorporation
23
 Limited Liability Company (LLC)
 A form of business organization that is a
state-approved, unincorporated association.
•
Advantages
– Limited Liability
– No Double Taxation
•
Disadvantages
– Relatively New - Some Legal
Issues Not Yet Defined
24
Answer the following Questions on your
power-point homework page
What is the fiduciary responsibility of an agent?
What is meant by double taxation?
Explain which type of business organization form affords the most control to
the owner?
Why would someone choose a limited partnership share over a sole
proprietorship?
How do agency problems arise? What are some examples of agency
problems? What can corporations do to monitor these costs?
25
Financial Markets
and Interest Rates
26
 Operation
of U.S. financial system.
 Financial securities.
 Function of financial intermediaries.
 Financial markets.
 Securities traded in the money and
capital markets.
27
 The
purpose of the financial system is to
bring together individuals, businesses,
and government entities (economic
units) that generate and spend funds.
Surplus economic units have funds left over
after spending all they wish to spend.
 Deficit economic units need to acquire
additional funds to sustain their operations.

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 To
enable funds to move through the
financial system, funds are exchanged for
securities.
 Securities are documents that represent the
right to receive funds in the future.
 Financial intermediaries discussed in
Chapter 3 often help to facilitate this
process.
29
 Classified
according to the
characteristics of participants and
securities involved.
 The primary market is where deficit
economic units sell new securities to
raise needed funds.
30
Funds
Primary
Market
Securities
31
 Classified
according to the
characteristics of participants and
securities involved.
 The primary market is where deficit
economic units sell new securities.
 The secondary market is where
investors trade previously issued
securities with each other.
32
Funds
Secondary
Market
Securities
33
 Money
Market vs. Capital Market
34
 Money
Market
• Trade short term (1 year or less) debt
instruments (e.g. T-Bills, Commercial Paper)
• Major money centers in Tokyo, London and New
York
 Capital
Market
• Trades long term securities (Bonds, Stocks)
• NYSE, ASE, over-the-counter (Nasdaq and other
OTC)
35
Intermediaries such as commercial banks and
insurance companies help to facilitate the
flow of funds in the financial marketplace.
$$
Securities
Securities
$$
36
 Market
efficiency refers to the ease, speed,
and cost of trading securities.
• The market for the securities of large companies
is generally efficient: Trades can be executed in
a matter of seconds and commissions are very
low.
• The real estate market is not generally efficient:
It can take months to sell a house and the
commission is 6-7% of the price.
37

Why is market efficiency important?
• The more efficient the market, the easier it
is to transfer idle funds to those parties that need
the funds.
• If funds remain idle, this results in lower growth
for the economy and higher unemployment.
• Investors can adjust their portfolios easily
and at low cost as their needs and preferences
change.
38
 Money
Market Securities
• Highly liquid, low risk
• Treasury Bills (T-Bills)
• Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
• Commercial Paper
• Eurodollars
• Banker’s Acceptances
39
 Money
Market Securities
• Highly liquid, low risk
• Treasury Bills (T-Bills)
• Certificates
of Deposit
(CDs)
• T-Bills:
are short-term
securities
issued by the
• Commercial
Paper
Federal
government.
Eurodollars
• After •initial
sale, they have an active secondary
• Banker’s Acceptances
market.
• They are bought at a discount and at maturity
the investor receives the full face value.
40
 Money
Market Securities
• Highly liquid, low risk
• Treasury Bills (T-Bills)
• Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
• Commercial
Paper
• Negotiable
CDs: are
interest-bearing securities
• Eurodollar
issued
by financial institutions.
Banker’s
Acceptances
• They •have
maturities
of one year or less.
41
 Money
Market Securities
• Highly liquid, low risk
• Treasury Bills (T-Bills)
• Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
• Commercial Paper
• Eurodollars
• Commercial
paper: is unsecured debt issued by
• Banker’swith
Acceptances
corporations
good credit ratings.
• Most buyers are large institutions.
42
 Money
Market Securities
• Highly liquid, low risk
• Treasury Bills (T-Bills)
• Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
• Commercial Paper
• Eurodollars
• Eurodollars:
dollar denominated, deposits,
• Banker’sare
Acceptances
located in non-US banks.
• Buyers and sellers are large institutions.
43
 Money
Market Securities
• Highly liquid, low risk
• Treasury Bills (T-Bills)
• Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
• Commercial Paper
• Eurodollars
• Banker’s Acceptances
•Banker’s Acceptances: are debt securities that
have been guaranteed by a bank. They are used
to facilitate international transactions.
44
 Money
Market Securities
• Highly liquid, low risk
• Treasury Bills (T-Bills)
• Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
• Commercial Paper
• Eurodollars
• Banker’s Acceptances
45
 Capital
• Bonds
Market Securities
•Bonds: are “IOUs” issued by the borrower and
sold to investors.
• The issuer promises to repay the
face amount on the maturity date and to pay
interest each year in the amount of the coupon
rate times the face value.
46

Capital Market Securities
• Bonds
Treasury
Bonds
• Treasury
Bonds:
are issued by the federal
Municipal Bonds
government.
Corporate Bonds
• Municipal Bonds: are issued by state and local
governments.
• Corporate Bonds: are issued by corporations.
47

Capital Market Securities
• Stock
• Companies can also raise funds by selling
shares of stock
48

Capital Market Securities
• Stock
Common Stock
• Common stockholders: own a portion of the
company and can vote on major decisions.
• They receive a return on their investment in
the form of dividends and capital gains.
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
Capital Market Securities
• Stock
Common Stock
Preferred Stock
• Preferred stockholders do not generally have
voting rights, but have priority in receiving
dividends and are paid dividends at a pre-set
rate.
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
Interest Rates Determined by
• Real Rate of Interest
• Expected Inflation
• Default Risk
• Maturity Risk
• Illiquidity Risk
51

Real Rate of Interest
• Compensates for the lender’s lost
opportunity to consume.
52

Default Risk
• For most securities, there is some risk that the
borrower will not repay the interest and/or
principal on time, or at all.
• The greater the chance of default, the greater
the interest rate the investor demands and the
issuer must pay.
53
 Expected
Inflation
Inflation erodes the purchasing power of
money.
 Example: If you loan someone $1,000 and they
pay it back one year later with 10% interest,
you will have $1,100. But if prices have
increased by 5%, then something that would
have cost $1,000 at the outset of the loan will
now cost $1,000(1.05) = $1,050.

54
 Maturity
Risk
 If interest rates rise, lenders may
find that their loans are earning
rates that are lower than what they
could get on new loans.

The risk of this occurring is higher
for longer maturity loans.
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 Maturity
Risk
 Lenders will adjust the premium they
charge for this risk depending on whether
they believe rates will go up or down.
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 Illiquidity
Investments that are easy to sell without
losing value are more liquid.
 Illiquid securities have a higher interest
rate to compensate the lender for the
inconvenience of being “stuck.”

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Determination of Rates
k = k* + IRP + DRP + MP + ILP
k
= the nominal, or observed rate
on security
k*
= real rate of interest
IRP = Inflation Risk Premium
DRP = Default Risk Premium
MP = Maturity Premium
IlP
= Illiquidity Premium
58
Term
Structure
Relationship between long and short
term interest rates
 Yield curve

59
8.00%
7.50%
3 month
T-Bill
7.00%
6.50%
6.00%
5.50%
5.00%
Jan 10, 2006
4.50%
4.00%
3.50%
3
6
mos
.
1
yr.
2
3
5
7
10
20
maturities
60
Treasury Yield Curve
8.00%
7.50%
7.00%
6 month
T-Bill
6.50%
6.00%
5.50%
5.00%
Jan 10, 2006
4.50%
4.00%
3.50%
3
6
mos
.
1
yr.
2
3
5
7
10
20
maturities
61
Treasury Yield Curve
8.00%
7.50%
1 year
T-Bill
7.00%
6.50%
6.00%
5.50%
5.00%
Jan 10, 2006
4.50%
4.00%
3.50%
3
6
mos
.
1
yr.
2
3
5
7
10
20
maturities
62
Treasury Yield Curve
2 year
T-Note
8.00%
7.50%
7.00%
6.50%
6.00%
5.50%
5.00%
Jan 10, 2006
4.50%
4.00%
3.50%
3
6
mos
.
1
yr.
2
3
5
7
10
20
maturities
63
Treasury Yield Curve
8.00%
7.50%
7.00%
6.50%
6.00%
3 year
T-Note
5.50%
5.00%
Jan 10, 2006
4.50%
4.00%
3.50%
3
6
mos
.
1
yr.
2
3
5
7
10
20
maturities
64
Treasury Yield Curve
8.00%
7.50%
7.00%
6.50%
5 year
T-Bond
6.00%
5.50%
5.00%
Jan 10, 2006
4.50%
4.00%
3.50%
3
6
mos
.
1
yr.
2
3
5
7
10
20
maturities
65
Treasury Yield Curve
8.00%
7.50%
7.00%
6.50%
6.00%
5.50%
5.00%
Jan 10, 2006
4.50%
4.00%
3.50%
3
6
mos
.
1
yr.
2
3
5
7
10
20
maturities
66
Treasury Yield Curve
8.00%
7.50%
7.00%
6.50%
6.00%
5.50%
5.00%
Jan 10, 2006
March 22,1995
August 1, 2006
4.50%
4.00%
3.50%
3
6
mos
.
1
yr.
2
3
5
7
10
20
maturities
67
Answer the following Questions on your
power-point homework pages
Would the default premium on an investment grade corporate bond be
higher or lower than that on a junk bond? Explain.
Explain the difference between a dealer and a broker.
The more liquid the financial instrument, the wider the spread between the
bid and ask price. Explain why you agree or disagree with this statement.
The economy is suffering from a recession, explain what will happen to the
yield spread between a Treasury bond and a BBB rated corporate bond.
Explain how you earn a return on a Treasury bill. How is this different from
the manner in which you earn a return on a Treasury note or bond?
68
Financial
Institutions
69
Learning Objectives
 The role of financial intermediaries.
 Commercial banks and the impact of reserve
requirements.
 Federal Reserve regulation of financial
institutions.
 The difference between savings and loans and
commercial banks.
 Operation of credit unions.
 Distinguish among finance companies,
insurance companies, and pension funds.
70
The Role of Financial Institutions
as Intermediaries (“Middle Persons”)
 A household with surplus funds can “purchase” a
savings account at a financial institution. The bank,
S&L, or credit union channels those surplus funds to a
firm, government entity, or a household that needs
them.
 In this way, small surplus units can be packaged
together to meet the needs of large deficit economic
units.
71
Services offered by
Financial Institutions
 Denomination matching
72
Services offered by
Financial Institutions
 Denomination matching
 Households generally have small amounts of surplus
funds to invest. They can put small amounts into
savings at a time.
73
Services offered by
Financial Institutions
 Denomination matching
 Households generally have small amounts of
surplus funds to invest. They can put small
amounts into savings at a time.
 Those who need loans usually require larger
amounts of funds. They can borrow for
business purposes, or to buy a home or
automobile.
74
Services offered by
Financial Institutions
 Maturity Matching
 Household and business savers generally want
to lend for only a short time. Savings and
checking accounts are usually available for
immediate withdrawal.
75
Services offered by
Financial Institutions
 Maturity Matching
 Household and business savers generally want
to lend for only a short time. Savings and
checking accounts are usually available for
immediate withdrawal.
 Borrowers often want long-term financing.
Institutions can give 30 year mortgages and
long-term loans to businesses and government
entities.
76
Services offered by
Financial Institutions
 Absorbing Credit Risk
 Individual lenders cannot easily evaluate the
credit risk of borrowers. They also cannot
generally afford to take the risk of losing their
limited savings.
77
Services offered by
Financial Institutions
 Absorbing Credit Risk
 Individual lenders cannot easily evaluate the credit
risk of borrowers. They also cannot generally
afford to take the risk of losing their limited
savings.
 Institutions have the necessary expertise and also
are in a better position to absorb an occasional
loss.
78
The Role of Financial Institutions
Intermediaries help to facilitate the
flow of funds in the financial marketplace.
$$
Securities
Securities
$$
79
Financial Intermediation
Example 1
$$
Businesses
Commercial
loans
Checking
accounts
Commercial
Bank
Households
$$
80
Financial Intermediation
Example 2
$$
Insurance
Company
Insurance
policies
Households
Businesses
Stocks,
Bonds
$$
81
Types of Financial Institutions
Commercial Banks
82
Types of Financial Institutions
 Commercial Banks
The primary purpose of commercial banks
is to take in business deposits and to lend
funds to businesses.
83
Types of Financial Institutions
 Commercial Banks
 Savings and Loans
84
Types of Financial Institutions
 Commercial Banks
 Savings and Loans
Savings and loans’ primary purpose is to
take in deposits from households and to
lend funds for home mortgages.
85
Types of Financial Institutions
 Commercial Banks
 Savings and Loans
 Credit Unions
86
Types of Financial Institutions
 Commercial Banks
 Savings and Loans
 Credit Unions
Credit Unions are owned by depositors
(actually share owners) who are individuals,
not businesses. Credit Unions take in
funds and primarily make personal loans.
87
Types of Financial Institutions
 Commercial Banks
 Savings and Loans
 Credit Unions
}
Depository
Institutions
88
Types of Financial Institutions
 Commercial Banks
 Savings and Loans
 Credit Unions
}
Depository
Institutions
•Take in deposits
•Make loans
89
Types of Financial Institutions
 Finance Companies
90
Types of Financial Institutions
 Finance Companies
Non-bank firms that borrow funds to
make short and medium term loans to
higher risk borrowers.
91
Types of Financial Institutions
 Finance Companies
 Insurance Companies
92
Types of Financial Institutions
 Finance Companies
 Insurance Companies
Receive premiums for insurance policies.
This pool of funds is used to reimburse policyholders
who incur losses that are covered under the policy .
Life Insurers: Insure against financial
hardship caused by death.
Property and Casualty: Insure against
damage to person and property (health, autos,
homes, theft, earthquake, etc.)
93
Types of Financial Institutions
 Finance Companies
 Insurance Companies
 Pension Funds
94
Types of Financial Institutions
 Finance Companies
 Insurance Companies
 Pension Funds
Workers and/or employers
contribute funds. Defined Benefit
Plans (DBP) versus Defined
Contribution Plans (DCP).
95
Types of Financial Institutions
 Finance Companies
 Insurance Companies
 Pension Funds
}
NonDepository
Institutions
96
Types of Financial Institutions
 Finance Companies
 Insurance Companies
 Pension Funds
}
NonDepository
Institutions
•Funds come from borrowing,
selling insurance policies, and
other claims.
•Funds used to buy securities
and make loans.
97
Reserve Requirement of
Depository Institutions
 A specified percentage of deposits must be held as
non-earning reserves.
 Required by the Fed.
 Insures that institutions have some liquidity to
meet demand for withdrawals and helps to
control the money supply.
98
Simplified Balance Sheet of
Commercial Bank
Reserves
Deposits
Investments
Borrowed Funds
Loans
Bank Capital (Equity)
Fixed Assets
99
The Federal Reserve System
 The Fed is the central bank of the
United States
 Created in 1913
100
Purpose of the Fed
Monetary authority
i.e., control the money supply
101
Purpose of the Fed
Monetary authority
i.e., control the money supply
Lender of last resort
Fed makes “discount loans” to depository
institutions
102
Purpose of the Fed
Monetary authority
i.e., control the money supply
Lender of last resort
Fed makes “discount loans” to depository
institutions
Check clearing
103
Purpose of the Fed
Monetary authority
i.e., control the money supply
Lender of last resort
Fed makes “discount loans” to
depository institutions
Check clearing
Bank Supervision
104
Structure of the Fed
 Board of Governors
 Seven members
 Located in Washington, DC
 Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)
 Board of Governors plus five district Federal
Reserve Bank presidents
 Located in Washington, DC
 Twelve Federal Reserve Banks
 Corresponding to twelve districts
 Member Banks
105
How the Fed Influences Interest Rates
 Open Market Operations
 Discount Rate Policy
 Reserve Requirements
106
Open Market Operations
 The Fed buys and sells government securities in the
open market.
 Buying securities increases the money supply which
tends to decrease interest rates.
 Selling securities decreases the money supply which
tends to increase interest rates.
107
T-bills
The Fed
$
The public
When the Fed buys T-Bills
108
When the Fed buys T-Bills
T-bills
The Fed
$
The public
Reserves are
injected into
the economy
109
When the Fed buys T-bills
Bank reserves increase.
110
When the Fed buys T-bills
Bank reserves increase.
This makes banks more willing to
lend, increasing the supply of
loanable funds.
111
When the Fed buys T-bills
Bank reserves increase.
This makes banks more willing to
lend, increasing the supply of
loanable funds.
{Supply of LF }
{i }
112
When the Fed buys T-bills
 Bank reserves increase.
 This makes banks more willing to lend, increasing the
supply of loanable funds.
 {Supply of LF }
{i }
 Fed decreases rates when it wants to stimulate the
economy.
113
T-bills
The Fed
$
The public
When the Fed sells T-Bills
114
When the Fed sells T-Bills
T-bills
The Fed
$
The public
Reserves are
extracted from
the economy
115
When the Fed sells T-bills
Bank reserves decrease
116
When the Fed sells T-bills
Bank reserves decrease
This makes banks less willing to
lend, decreasing the supply of
loanable funds.
117
When the Fed sells T-bills
Bank reserves decrease
This makes banks less willing to
lend, decreasing the supply of
loanable funds.
{Supply of LF }
{i }
118
When the Fed sells T-bills
 Bank reserves decrease
 This makes banks less willing to lend, decreasing the
supply of loanable funds.
 Fed raises rates when it wants to slow the economy
down.
{Supply of LF
}
{i
}
119
Discount Rate Policy
When the Fed increases the
discount rate
This increases the cost of funds to
borrowing depository institutions,
causing them to increase the rates they
charge.
120
Discount Rate Policy
 When the Fed increases the discount rate
 This increases the cost of funds to borrowing
depository institutions, causing them to increase
the rates they charge.
 When the Fed decreases the discount rate
 This decreases the cost of funds to borrowing
depository institutions, causing them to decrease
the rates they charge.
121
Reserve Requirements

When the Fed increases reserve
requirements
– This decreases the amount of funds
available for lending
122
Reserve Requirements

When the Fed increases reserve
requirements
– This decreases the amount of funds
available for lending
– {Supply of LF
}
{i
}
123
Reserve Requirements

When the Fed increases reserve
requirements
– This decreases the amount of funds
available for lending
– {Supply of LF

}
{i }
When the Fed decreases reserve
requirements
– This increases the amount of funds
available for lending
124
Reserve Requirements
 When the Fed increases reserve
requirements
 This decreases the amount of funds available for
lending
 {Supply of LF
}
{
i}
 When the Fed decreases reserve
requirements
 This increases the amount of funds available for
lending
 {Supply of LF
}
{
i}
125
The Federal Reserve
 As the central bank of the United States, “The
Fed” regulates the financial system, the nation’s
money supply, and makes loans to financial
institutions.
 The Fed consists of twelve district banks, the
Federal Open Market Committee, and the Board
of Governors. The latter two are located in
Washington DC.
126
The Fed Influences Interest Rates
by:
 Buying and selling federal securities (“open market
operations”).
 Selling (buying) securities reduces (increases) the money
supply which tends to increase (decrease) interest rates.
 Discount rate
 Increasing the cost of funds to financial institutions tends to
increase the rates they charge.
 Reserve Requirements
 Increasing (decreasing) the amount of non-earning reserves
that must be held makes funds less (more) available and
generally more (less) costly.
127
Answer the following Questions on your
power-point homework pages
Explain how the Fed lowers and raises the federal funds
rate.
What is the discount window?
The Federal Reserve is concerned about a continuing
recession; what will they most likely do and how will they
accomplish this?
What would happen to the standard of living if financial
institutions did not exist? Why?
Interest rates are about to rise in the near future. Explain
how this would impact a negatively interest-rate spread
financial institution.
128