Transcript Specializáció és koncentráció mérése

The developing East Asian
giant: China
dr. Jeney László
Senior lecturer
[email protected]
Economic Geography
I. International Business bachelor study programme (BA)
Autumn term 2015/2016.
CUB Department of Economic Geography and Futures Studies
1949–1976:
Attempted
Geographic Shifts
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Initial attempts of the Communist Government (Mao
Zedong): Great Leap Forward + Cultural Revolution
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Expand output rapidly
Distribute economic activities
Equality within China
Enhance national defence
1949: NE + Shanghai + Tianjin: 70% of output
– Move the production of military goods inland
– Factory locations close to the raw material sources (coal,
hydroelectricity, oil)
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Poor transportation linkages Central and W China
developed slowly
– Manufacturing production remained in NE
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2
1978: economic output of China < S Korea or Taiwan
Changing directions
after 1976
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Deng Xiaoping: 1977 overall economic reforms
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After 2000: further revolution based on telecommunication systems
(use of internet and mobile phones)
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„4 modernizations”: agriculture, industry, science, defence
new approach to rural life
Encouraged investment from foreign corporations
Increasing manufactured exports
Economy multiplied six fold within 20 years
1990–2000: telephone lines 10  125 mn
1995–2010: mobile phone users 5  800 mn (WR1)
Sensitivity of state control of website content
China does not follow the Asian sample
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Asian NIC countries: 1. raw materials and food export, 2. simple
manufactured than 3. more sophisticated goods, 4. service industries
China: all typed of goods from rice to microchips
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Farming and rural living in the
2000s
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Agriculture: prominent in the rural economy
Through Mao Zedong years: farming
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Low levels of mechanization  high labour inputs
1980: agriculture still employed the entire – growing –
rural workforce
Early 1980s: relaxed commune controls  individuals
and groups plan their own programs
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Low govermental priority
Separated from other aspects of the economy
Personal involvement  higher output
2000: half of the rural workers in farming
Rural industrial expansion
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Township and village enterprises (TVEs)
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Driving forces
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New rural sourcs of income
Took underused rural labour
Higher wages
130mn employees (30% of rural workforce)
Initially: collectively owned enterprises (by late 1980s: from 22
to 36 % of Chinese industrial output)
Later: individual and private enterprises
Millions of people remained in industrializing rural areas
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BUT: many milions more moved out of the rural areas to the
cities
Manufacturing
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22% of labour force, half of GDP
Standing on two legs: ancient-moderns, small-large
Huge development during the last four decades
Regional locations:
– Before the revolution
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Textile and food industry, ports
Steelmaking (Japanese): Northeast
– First three decades of socialist industrialization
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Inner parts of the country, regional equalization
– From 1979: opening policy
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High-tech industries, ports again, increases regional differences
4 important industries
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Traditional
– Textile and clothing industry (16%): sea coast (Shanghai), inner
parts
– Food industry (10%): areas producing raw materials, sea ports
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Rapid developing
– Machinery (30%): capital, ports, special economic zones
– Chemistry (10%): coal mining areas, oil refineries (Daqing)
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Other industries
– Iron and steel industry: Anshan, Shanghai
– Ceramics (porcelain of Jingdezhen)
– Paper industry
Opening to the world
economy and its
difficulties
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Till 1979: one of the closest economy of the world
– Lagged from Taiwan (21 mn) and Hong Kong (6 mn)
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Later intensified foreign economic relations
– Official opening policy
– Coming back of Hong Kong
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Main partners: Japan, USA
Hong Kong: linking unit between China and the world
market
Difficulties of the opening
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Large country: ability for self-sufficiency
Traditionally limited relations
Self-sufficiency at regional and local level as well
Linking to foreign trade only in coastal areas
Underdeveloped transportation and telecommunication systems
Transportation
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Without developed infrastructure
the program of „4
modernization” is very difficult
Inner waterways: traditional
important
Rapid development
1990s: motorways
– Canton – Hong Kong, Shenyang –
Dalian, surroundings of Beijing
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Railways: cannot follow the
needs of economy
– 3 railway lines to Russia (1 via
Mongolia), N Korea, Vietnam,
Kazakhstan-Europe (1992)
– Railway building to Inner Asia
(Tibet)
Regional differences
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Two separated parts
– E, SE: core of the ancient Chinese civilization
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Better climate
High population concentration, political centre
1/3 of the territory, 85% of population, 90 % of production
– W and Inner Asia
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Deserts, high mountains
Political dependency
Increasing han population
Underdevelopment
Regional policy: 3 regions  affect towards the increase
of differences
– East: developed sectors, high technology
– Middle: raw materials, modernization of factories, development
of infrastructure
– West: minority education, recovery of natural resources
HDI: Human Development
Index
„Concentrated decentralization”
Increase of territorial inequalities
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1980: special economic zones
(Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou,
Xiamen)
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1988: Hainan
1984: 14 ports opened
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1990 along Yangtze (Chang Yiang)
River, 1992 border cities
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1992: 13 customs free zones
1997 Hong Kong, 1999 Macau:
special administrated areas
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„One country with two systems”
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Basis of unification with Taiwan