Transcript BRICS` characteristics and influence

BRICS
Professor Wang Guo An
Zhejiang Gongshang University
Mobile:136-0051-6079
E-mail:[email protected]
Brazil+Russia+India+China=BRIC
B+R+I+C+South Africa=BRICS
BRICS




How BRICS came into being由来
BRICS’ development发展
BRICS’ characteristics and influence特点与影
响
BRICS’ challenges and future挑战与未来
2001年美国高盛公司首次提出“金砖四国” 概念，囊
括了全球最大的四个新兴市场国家。“金砖四国”
（BRIC）引用了巴西、俄罗斯、印度和中国的英文首字
母，由于该词与英文中的砖（Brick）类似，因此被称为
“金砖四国”。
Goldman Sachs美国高盛has argued that, since the four BRIC countries are
developing rapidly, by 2050 their combined economies could eclipse the
combined economies of the current richest countries of the world. These
four countries, combined, currently account for more than a quarter of the
world's land area and more than 40% of the world's population.
BRICS is a grouping acronym that refers to member countries Brazil,
Russia, India, China and South Africa. Founded as BRIC, it is typically
rendered as “the BRICS” or “the BRICS countries” or alternatively as the
“Big Five”. They are called emerging markets or economies.
BRICS
The acronym (originally "BRIC") was coined by an economist Jim O'Neill in
a 2001 paper entitled "Building Better Global Economic BRICS". The
acronym has come into widespread use as a symbol of the shift in global
economic power away from the developed G7 economies (France, Germany,
Italy, Japan, UK, USA and Canada) towards the developing world. On April
13, 2011 the "S" was formally added to BRIC to form BRICS after the
admission of South Africa into the union.
Why did BRIC emerge?

The 1998 Asian Financial Crisis undermined the
authority of the International Monetary Fund, and the
Iraq War diminished US influence in the UN. In
addition, the failure of the Doha round of talks
revealed problems in the governance of world trade.
Meanwhile developing countries have been emerging
and growing in stature as these issues developed,
and they have begun to question the old rules
established by the developed countries. These were
the circumstances under which the BRIC emerged.
Essentially, the five countries of BRICS have a
common aim and purpose – to band together to
redefine the international rules, working together
with the developed countries of course.


In June 2009, four leaders held their first meeting for
the first time in Russia. 2009年6月四国领导人首次在俄
罗斯举行首次会晤，并发表《“金砖四国”领导人俄罗
斯叶卡捷琳堡会晤联合声明》。
In April 2010, the second "BRIC“ summit was held in
Brazil. 2010年4月第二次“金砖四国”峰会在巴西召开。
会后四国领导人发表《联合声明》，就世界经济形势等
问题阐述了看法和立场，并商定推动“金砖四国”合作
与协调的具体措施。至此，“金砖国家”合作机制初步
形成。
BRICS’ Development

In November 2010, South Africa applied to join in the
BRICS during the Group 20 summit. 2010年11月二十国
集团会议在首尔举行，南非在此次会议上申请加入“金砖
四国”。

On December 2010, South Africa has been accepted
as a member of the "BRIC” countries and "BRIC”was
renamed as "BRICS" .2010年12月中国作为“金砖国家”
合作机制轮值主席国，与俄罗斯、印度、巴西一致商定，
吸收南非作为正式成员加入“金砖国家”合作机制，“金
砖四国”即变成“金砖五国”，并更名为“金砖国
家”(BRICS)。
South Africa received a formal invitation to join from China in 2010. Combined
GDP of the nations accounted for 18 percent of the world's total in 2010. South
Africa attended the summit as a member for the first time in 2011 in Sanya, Hainan
province, China. The group was renamed BRICS to reflect the now-five-nation
membership.

On April 14, 2011, President Hu Jintao met with
Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff, Russian President
Dmitry Medvedev, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan
Singh and South African President Jacob Zuma. The
third formal meeting of BRICS included South Africa
for the first time.
Broad Vision and Shared Prosperity
展望未来 共享繁荣

The BRICS Summit, the third of its kind, was held on April
14 in Sanya, a coastal city of China's Hainan Province. The
summit focused on global financial reforms, the
international economic and financial situation, multipolarity of global systems, development issues and cooperation among the member countries.
BRICS Leaders Meeting
Sanya, Hainan, China, 14 April 2011
Summit
Participant
Date
Host country
Host leader
Location
1st
BRIC
June 16,
2009
Russia
Dmitry
Medvedev
Yekaterinburg
2st
BRIC
June 16,
2010
Brazil
Luiz Inácio
Lula da Silva
Brasília
3st
BRICS
April 14,
2011
China
Hu Jintao
Sanyaa
4st
BRICS
2012
India
Manmohan
Singh
New Delhi

In 2010, BRICS’ GDP accounted for 18 percent of global
GDP; their average growth rate was nearly 7 percent,
over 2 percentage points higher than average world
growth. Foreign investment in BRICS countries
accounted for 53 percent of the world's total. Their
voting power at the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
was increased. Many see them as the leaders of the
world economic recovery and the growth engine of the
world, and expect them to play an ever more important
role in the G20.
BRICS’ four topics in Sanya




Reform of the international economic system
The current situation in Libya and the Middle
East and BRICS' common stance on how to
deal with such political crises.
How to deal with climate change and natural
disasters caused by climate change.
Map out a new development plan for BRICS.
BRICS’ characteristics and influence

At present, the five BRICS countries account
for nearly 30 per cent of the world's land area,
42 per cent of the global population, and 15
per cent of the world total trade volume. The
trade among these five countries experienced
a rapid growth at 28 per cent annually from
the year 2001 to 2010 and reached the
amount of US$ 230 billion.
BRICS’ characteristics and influence
The BRICS economies account for 18 percent
of the world's economic aggregate and attract
53 percent of the foreign capital. By 2015,
BRICS' total GDP will increase to 23 percent
of the world total, by 2020 to 31 percent. by
2030 to 47 percent.
Between 2000 and 2010, BRICS' GDP grew by
an incredible 92.7 percent.
BRICS’ characteristics and influence
BRICS aim at
 promotion of the peace and development
of the world.
 improvement of the developing countries’
rights.
 enhancing the communication between
developed and developing countries .
BRICS’ characteristics and influence
BRICS in common




the fastest growing economies nowadays in the world
with tremendous potential.
are in the similar stage of development and face the
same historical task of developing their economies and
improving the well-being of their people.
are also facing the similar challenges or problems in
restructuring the economy, maintaining a healthy and
sustainable growth and in achieving an inclusive,
equitable and green development.
enjoy highly complementary advantages and solid
foundation for extensive cooperation to promote
common development based on equality and mutual
benefit.
BRICS’ characteristics and influence
BRICS mechanism
 open
 transparent
 Inclusive
 has provided a platform for BRICS members
to express their views, coordinate their
stances and take joint action in forming the
new international political and economic order.
BRICS’ characteristics and influence
BRICS, a multi-level cooperative framework the
Leaders Summit as its highest form, assisted
by meetings of
 Senior Security Representatives,
 Foreign Ministers,
 Finance Ministers, Governors of Central Banks
 Think Tanks,
 business circles and
 financial institutions.

Cruzior 巴西币
Ruble 卢布
Rupee 卢比
RMB 人民币
葡萄牙语
俄语
印度语
汉语

Rand兰特
英语



BRICS’ characteristics and influence



IMPORT: Their import and service demands, at over
$2 trillion, accounts for 13.5 percent of global
imports. This represents a 277 percent growth in
imports.
Capitalization: the market capitalization of BRIC
companies grew from $1.2 trillion to $6.4 trillion
between 2000 and 2010, a massive 641 percent
increase.
Population: The five countries' combined population
will peak at 44 percent of the world total by 2015
These countries have large numbers of highly
qualified professionals and technicians.
BRICS’ characteristics and influence
BRICS’ characteristics and influence




Build global balance to the world
Cooperate with developed countries
Benefit the members
A coordination platform for emerging
economies and a bridge between developing
and developed countries.
BRICS’ characteristics and influence



but currently neither has a permanent
secretariat nor serves as a formal
international organization.
a fledgling organization to take shape.
still in its infancy, entailing strengthened
dialogue and communications among
member countries
BRICS’ characteristics and influence



will deepen South-South cooperation, change the
game rules of international finance and trade, and
give developing countries more rights to speak.
will restructure the global pattern of economy, trade
and diplomacy.
Will improve international circumstances for emerging
economies, to some extent create a more healthy
and beneficial international atmosphere, and display
a fresh picture of emerging economies.
BRICS’ characteristics and influence
It’s expected to help set up a more just and reasonable
international political and economical order !
The political landscapes:

The influence the BRICS nations have on world politics is their
participation in global efforts for good governance.
The economic landscapes:

BRICS members have played an irreplaceable role in the
handling of global financial and economic issues.
BRICS’ characteristics and influence
Their cooperation can result in a truly win-win situation.
The BRICS economies import a huge amount of
equipment from developed countries to meet their
urbanization and industrialization demands.
Their combined demand and the developed
countries' capital and technological superiority can
drive global economic growth, and help the
developed economies to recover from the global
economic crisis.
BRICS’ characteristics and influence



The expanding market in the five BRICS countries will
boost trade between its members, and increase the
exports of countries in Africa, Latin America and
Southeast Asia.
Growing ODI (overseas direct investment) boosts
regional cooperation.
The principle: seeking common ground while shelving
differences.
BRICS benefits the members
Seeking common ground while
shelving differences
BRICS’ characteristics and influence
金砖国家聚会一直强调是一种合作机制
首先，与七国集团不同，金砖国家聚会一直避
免了使用“集团”、“同盟”等字眼。成员国官
方对金砖国家合作机制非对抗性的属性定位也很
明确。俄外长称，“金砖外交”是其多元外交的
一部分；中国也一直强调协调与合作，而不是对
抗与对立。
BRICS’ challenges and future

俄罗斯国土广袤，资源丰富，其武装力量足以和欧美分庭
抗礼；中国和印度专注于发展经济，但中印之间还有领土
纠纷；印度作为西方欣赏的“民主国家”，作为英联邦成
员，和西方世界有着特殊关系，甚至被看作西方世界的一
员；巴西与南非隔洋相望……。因此，金砖国家走到一起，
很大程度上是把这个机制当作一个可以相互借力的平台，
是众多平台相互制衡的一个要素，是不同体制、不同地域
的国家合作的一次尝试，在国际组织五花八门、各种对话
机制和组织层出不穷的今天，金砖合作机制将为世界发展
锦上添花。即便是金砖五国和七国集团GDP数字相当，那又
如何？西方七国有着共同的价值观，虽内部有争吵，但在
美国的“领导”下基本还算是一个有机整体。而反观金砖
五国，地跨四大洲，历史传统、价值取向、社会制度各异。
各种复杂的因素让金砖国家难以在政治诉求上达成高度一
致。
BRICS’ challenges and future
They have to deal with domestic problems and have to
 take measures to narrow the large income gap
 improve their social security systems
 increase the pace of industrialization
 take steps to control inflation

stem the flow of hot money into their economies.
BRICS’ challenges and future


BRICS is currently a loosely connected
economic forum.
There have been frictions in the relationships
of the five countries. China has border
disputes with India, trade disputes with Brazil.
Enlargement of BRICS will be slow




BRICS, now covering Eurasia, South America and Africa,
has gained adequate representativeness.
a larger membership was likely to hold up the consensusbuilding process,
a hasty enlargement was likely to impede its decisionmaking ability, the priority now is to strengthen the
cohesion of the current five members.
Though the mechanism is open and welcomes those with
considerable economic strength, population size, regional
representativeness and international influence when the
time is ripe.
Suggestions for BRICS



Increase their coordination in the framework
of large international meetings such as the
G20 and the UN General Assembly.
Build a dispute and crisis management
mechanism to cope with possible
international frictions.
Slowly enlarge BRICS.
Thanks
杭州 浙江工商大学 王国安教授
E-mail:[email protected]
http://econet.zjgsu.edu.cn/andrew.wang
136-00516079