22 Free Trade and Protectionism
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Transcript 22 Free Trade and Protectionism
Free Trade & Protectionism
Ch 22 IB International Economics
Arguments for protectionism
If international trade is so good why is it that countries
don’t all trade freely?
Why do they often protect their economies from
imports?
Here are some of the arguments (some of which are not
valid – evaluation!)
Protecting Domestic employment
At any given time in an economy there will be some
industries in decline (sunset industries)
They cannot compete with foreign competition
If the industry is large it will cause high levels of
structural unemployment
Governments often attempt to protect the industry
to prevent the unemployment
Evaluation – this argument is not very strong;
protecting the industry may just prolong the process of
decline
Even though there will be short run social costs, it
might be better to let the resources move to other
industries expanding other areas of the economy
The negative externalities of a rapidly declining
major industry may be so great that government
feels it has to protect
Free Trade: no
barriers to trade put
in place by
governments or
international
organisations
http://www.youtube
.com/watch?v=Y2X
3KPilAt0
Arguments for protectionism
Protecting the economy from low cost labour
It is often argued that the main reason for declining
domestic industries is the low cost of labour in
exporting countries
The economy should be protected from imports
produced in low cost labour countries
Demands in the US to protect domestic clothing
against cheap Asian imports
There may be widespread benefits to the economy
from but losses (particularly job losses) in particular
industries
There is much more job insecurity in the
manufacturing industries of developed countries
who fear losing their jobs to workers in China and
India
Workers and trade unions lobby for protectionism
Evaluation
This argument goes against the whole concept of
comparative advantage
If the industry is protected consumers will pay higher
prices than they should and production will be
inefficient
Example: In 1998 the
hourly wage for shipbuilding
in the US was $19.19 but
$9.27 in South Korea.
South Korea is now the
largest shipbuilder in the
world. In 2004 South Korea
produced 14,768 large
commercial ships whereas
the US produced only 289
Arguments for protectionism
Important!!
Protecting the economy from low cost labour
Comparative advantage will change over time
The US may have had a comparative advantage in shipbuilding at one time
As relative factor costs change resources should move freely
Supply side policies that focus on labour markets emphasise the importance
of making labour flexible to adapt to changing economic circumstances
If governments don’t help create a flexible workforce they will have to
financially help the unemployed caused by increased international
competition
Arguments for protectionism
Protecting and infant (sunrise) industry
Many governments argue that new developing
industries do not have the economies of scale
advantages
Until it can gain EoS it can’t compete
It needs to be protected until it achieves size
Evaluation: this argument may not work
for developed countries
They have access to capital markets to start
off big
Saudi Arabian government recently
diversified into petrochemical production –
worked with Chevron, BP and Exxon Mobil to
build some of the largest plants in the world
This argument may be more applicable to
developing countries
but they may not have the international
political power to impose protectionist
policies without complains and action from
developed countries.
Arguments for protectionism
To avoid the risks of overspecialisation
Governments may want to avoid
putting all their eggs in one basket
The country could become
dependent on export sales of one or
two products
If demand changes there will be
serious consequences
The invention of synthetic rubber
had a large negative effect on the
rubber industry in Malaysia
The oversupply of coffee on the
world market causing falling prices
did the same for Ethiopia
Evaluation: there are no real
arguments against this view!
Example: the development of the quartz crystal
severely damaged the Swiss wristwatch industry
damaging the economy
Exports of Swiss mechanical watches
plummeted from 40 million in 1973 to only
three million ten years later.
While some Swiss watch companies did
manufacture quartz watches, Japan and Hong
Kong dominated the quartz segment and
decimated the Swiss industry.
Many small- to medium-sized watch companies
in Switzerland closed their doors by the end of
the 1970s. The number of workers in the
industry plunged from nearly 90,000 in 1970 to
47,000 by 1980
Arguments for
protectionism
Strategic reasons
It is sometimes argued that
certain industries need to be
protected in case they are
needed in times of war
E.g. agriculture, steel, power
generation
Evaluation: A good excuse for
protectionism?! In many cases
it is unlikely that countries will
go to war and that they will be
completely cut off from all
supplies
Arguments for protectionism
Dumping: the practice of selling a
good in international markets at a
To prevent dumping
Dumping can ruin domestic producers price that is below the cost of
producing it
Where countries can prove that their
industries have been severely
damaged their governments are
allowed under international trade
rules to impose anti-dumping
measures to reduce the damage
Evaluation: it is very difficult to prove
Countries argue that when the EU
exports subsidized sugar it is
actually dumping because the price
doesn’t reflect the actual costs of
the EU sugar producers
If dumping happens it is more likely
that there will be a need for talks
between governments rather than
protectionism
Protectionism may invite
retaliation reducing the benefits
gained by consumers and
Read case study & Answer Q’s P270
producers
Arguments for protectionism
To protect product standards
A country might wish to impose safety,
health or environmental standards on
goods being imported into its domestic
market
This will ensure that products match the
standards of domestic goods
The EU banned the importing of American
beef because it has been treated with
hormones
Evaluation: This is a valid argument if the
concerns are valid
The US don’t believe the EU has a
valid reason as they have no proof that
the hormones are bad for consumers
They say it is an excuse for
protectionism
The US retaliated in 1999 by imposing
trade sanctions on $117m worth of
European imports
Arguments for protectionism
To raise government revenue
In developing countries where it is difficult
to collect tax governments impose import
taxes (tariffs) to raise revenue
The IMF estimated that import duties
account for approximately 15% of total
government revenue in developing
countries
Evaluation: This is not so much an
argument for protectionism but a reason
why it happens
To correct a balance of payments deficit
Governments sometimes impose
protectionist methods to reduce import
expenditure and improve the current
account deficit
Evaluation: This will only work in the short
run and does not fix the actual cause of the
deficit
Other countries may also retaliate
Arguments against protectionism
These arguments are really related to the
reasons why countries trade
In brief these are
Protectionism raises prices to the
consumers and producers of the
imports
Leads to less choice for consumers
Competition would diminish and
domestic firms would become
inefficient (innovation may also be
reduced)
Comparative advantage is distorted
leading to inefficient use of world
resources
Economic growth will be reduced
Types of Protectionism
Before we look at the types of
protectionism we are going to look at
how we illustrate a country that has free
trade (we will use wheat as an example)
If there is no foreign trade the domestic
farmers would produce Qe tons of wheat
and the price will be Pe
If we then introduce foreign trade and
the world price is Pw which lower than
Pe the situation changes
Consumers can now import as much
wheat as they like at the lower price
The world supply curve is perfectly elastic
because there are so many suppliers (it
doesn’t really matter how much demand
there is it will not affect the price)
Sworld has to be lower than Pe otherwise
there would be no point in trading
Types of Protectionism
With free trade the price of what
will be Sworld
At this price domestic farmers will
only be prepared to supply Q1
tons but the demand will be Q2
Imports will satisfy the surplus
demand
Q1Q2 tons of wheat will be
supplied by foreign suppliers
Consumers get to consume QeQ2
more at the lower price
Lets now apply some different
types of protectionism
Insert fig 24.1
Types of Protectionism - Tariff
A tariff is a tax that is charged on an imported
good
Any tax will cause suppliers to supply less (less
profit to be made)
The world supply curve will shift upwards (the tax
is not applied to the domestic producers)
We can see that the price goes up to Pw+t
At this price domestic suppliers will only supply
Q3
This is more than before but there is still excess
demand (just less than before)
Foreign suppliers will supply Q3Q4 which is less
than before
Domestic producers revenue increases from go to
g+a+b+c+h
Foreign producers receive Pw+T but they have to
pay the tariff to the government so their revenue
falls from h+i+j+k to only i+j
The government receives revenue of d+e
One of the issues is that importers pay a higher
price for the wheat
They sell the more expensive wheat onto millers
and the flour is used to make cereals etc
This may cause food inflation
Types of Protectionism Tariff
Two more things happen
Firstly because some
wheat is not purchased
there is a dead-weight loss
of welfare
Q4Q2 tons of wheat are
not now demanded
Consumers keep the
amount k that they would
have spent on wheat
There is a loss of consumer
surplus equivalent to f
This is dead weight loss
Types of Protectionism - Tariff
Secondly, after the tariff, the wheat
is produced by relatively inefficient
farmers (compared to the foreign
farmers)
Foreign farmers would produce
this quantity for a minimum
revenue of h
Domestic producers need a
minimum revenue of h+c
c represents the inefficiency of
the domestic producers and a
loss of world efficiency (more of
the world’s resources are being
used to produce the wheat than
necessary)
This is another dead weight loss
of welfare
Complete student workpoint
22.3
Types of Protectionism Subsidies
A subsidy is an amount of
money paid by the government
to a firm per unit of output
In this instance government is
giving the subsidy to the firm to
make it more competitive
The domestic supply curve will
shift downwards reducing the
price
This means that domestic
producers will supply Q3 wheat
to the market instead of Q1
foreign supply will decrease
from Q1Q2 to Q3Q2
Domestic revenue increase
from a to a+b+e+f+g
Foreign revenue decreases from
b+c+d to c+d
Government has to pay out
e+f+g
Types of Protectionism Subsidies
At this tariff Q1Q3 tons of what
are now produced by relatively
inefficient farmers
Foreign farmers would produce
for revenue b
Domestic farmers would
produce for b+g
g represents the inefficiency
(misallocation of world
resources) – dead-weight loss
of welfare
There is no loss of consumer
surplus because price does not
change
Consumers are indirectly
affected as governments use
tax revenues to fund the
surplus
This could lead to higher taxes
and is an opportunity cost –
government could spend the
Complete student
workpoint 22.4 P275
Types of Protectionism - Quotas
Quotas are a physical limit on the
numbers or value of goods that can be
imported into a country
The EU imposes quotas on Chinese garlic
and mushrooms
This has a strange effect on the free trade
diagram
Let us assume that the government
imposes a quota of Q1Q3
Domestic producers supply Q1
Foreign suppliers produce Q1Q3
There is still excess demand of Q3Q2 at
the price Pw and so the price begins to
rise
As the price rises importers are not
allowed to supply more
Domestic producers begin to enter the
market attracted by the high price of
wheat
The domestic supply curve shifts to the
right above Pw
Eventually the price settles at Pquota and
the Quantity drops to Q4
Types of Protectionism - Quotas
Domestic producers now supply Q1 and
Q3Q4 tons of wheat at a price of Pquota
Their revenue rises from a to a+c+d+f+i+j
Foreign producers now supply their quota
of Q1Q3 at Pquota
Their income changes from b+d+c+e to
b+g+h
This is a fall in income but in theory does
not have to be
There are two areas of dead-weight loss
of welfare caused by the quota
Consumer surplus loss of k because
wheat is not purchased
Q3Q4 tons of wheat are now
produced by relatively inefficient
foreign farmers
Foreign farmers would produce
for c+d
Domestic farmers produce for
c+d+j
J is the loss of world efficiency
Complete student workpoint
24.4
Types of Protectionism – Voluntary export restraints
(VERs)
VERs are agreements between exporting and
importing countries in which the exporting country
agrees to limit the quantity of exports of a specific
good below a certain level
China has agreed to limit its export of textiles to South
Africa
Types of Protectionism –
Administrative barriers
When goods are imported there
are always administrative
processes e.g. paper work to be
stamped etc
This is called red tape
These can take time and make it
difficult for exporters
It can also raise their costs
Sometimes countries may
designate certain ports of entry
that are difficult to reach and also
more expensive
This is designed to put off the
exporter
Complete workpoint 24.6 for
homework
Types of protectionism
Health and safety standards and
environmental standards
This is when restrictions are put on
the types of goods that can be sold in
the domestic market or on the way
they are manufactured
They may set quality or safety
standards that are hard to meet
The certification may be very difficult
and expensive to gain
It is important that government looks
after its people but important that the
country is behaving legitimately
Embargoes
Complete ban on imports
US has not traded with Cuba for 50
years
National campaigns
Marketing campaigns to encourage
people to buy domestic goods
Time for you to do some work!!
Complete the data response question on P280
HL Bit!
Together we will work
through the example on
P276
Time for you to do some work!!
Complete the higher level paper 3 question on
P279