Transcript ASEAN COMMUNALITIES

ASEAN
By
Nurani Chandrawati
International Relations Department
FISIP University of Indonesia
Myanmar
Pop : 48 M
GDP : US$ 75 B
Def Budget: US$ 4,2 B
GDP Per Capita:
US$ 20.4
Laos
Pop : 6,5 M
GDP : US$ 3,6 B
Def Budget: US$ 15 M
GDP Per Capita:
US$ 23.2
Philippines
Pop : 88 M
GDP : US$ 110B
Def Budget: US$ 1,2 B
GDP Per Capita:
US$ 247.3
Thailand
Pop : 65M
GDP : US$ 5,5 B
Def Budget: US$ 3.1 B
GDP Per Capita:
US$ 1,416.7
Brunei Darussalam
Pop : 370,000
GDP : US$ 6B
Def Budget:US$360 Mil
GDP Per Capita:
US$ 7,462.5
Cambodia
Pop : 13,8 M
GDP : US$ 5,5 B
Def Budget: US$ 75 B
GDP Per Capita:
US$ 328.8
Malaysia
Pop : 25 M
GDP : US$ 125 B
Def Budget: US$ 2,7 B
GDP Per Capita:
US$ 2561.2
Viet Nam
Pop : 85 M
GDP : US$ 52 B
Def Budget: US$ 3.3 B
GDP Per Capita:
US$ 281.1
Singapore
Pop : 4,2 M
GDP : US$ 185 B
Def Budget: US$ 4,8 B
GDP Per Capita:
US$ 25,191.2
Indonesia
Pop : 220 M
GDP : US$ 365B
Def Budget: US$ 2,5 B
GDP Per Capita:
US$ 854.4
ASEAN PROFILE
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ITS MEMBERS VERY DISSIMILAR IN
TERMS OF THEIR PHYSICAL SIZE,
ETHNIC COMPOSITION, SOCIALCULTURAL HERITAGE AND IDENTITY,
COLONIAL EXPERIENCE AND POST
COLONIAL POLITIES. IT MEANS THAT
ASEAN IS UNITY IN DIVERSITY.
ASEAN OBJECTIVES
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ALTHOUGH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ASEAN
WAS A PRODUCT OF A DESIRE FROM ITS
FOUNDING FATHER TO CREATE A
MECHANISM FOR WAR PREVENTION AND
CONFLICT MANAGEMENT, BUT
THE FORMAL OBJECTIVES OF ASEAN
FORMATION ACCORDING TO THE BANGKOK
DECLARATION ON AUGUST 8 1967 WAS
FOCUSING ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL COOPERATION THEN POLITICAL
AND SECURITY ARRANGEMENT.
ASEAN OBJECTIVES
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There were only a general statement
regarding to the purposes of ASEAN in
security field that ASEAN ASEAN will
promote the stability and peaceful condition
in region through the respectfully of
international law and justice and building
relationship among ASEAN members on the
the basic of principle of United Nations
Charter.
SCHOLARS PERCEPTION
ABOUT ASEAN
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Michael Leifer assumed that the formation of
ASEAN more serving the domestic interest of
ASEAN original members or was known as
collective internal security or inward looking.
Amithav Acharya added that the specific catalisator
that push the appearances of ASEAN in the beginning
were concerning of the founding fathers to anticipate
internal stability, regime insecurity and domestic
vulnarebality.
ASEAN INTRA-RELATION
PROBLEMS
THERE ARE MANY PROBLEMS THAT
INFLUENCE THE RELATION BETWEEN
ASEAN MEMBER COUNTRIES
ESPECIALLY IN POLITICAL AND
SECURITY FIELDS SUCH AS BORDER
DISPUTES, NON-CONVENTIONAL
ISSUES, ETHNIC AND RELIGION ISSUES
AND ARMS ACQUISITION.
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ASEAN MECHANISM
ASEAN NEVER USE A FORMAL
MECHANISM TO SOLVE THE POLITICAL
AND SECURITY PROBLEMS BETWEEN
ITS MEMBERS. BECAUSE POLITICAL
AND SECURITY ISSUES ARE ALWAYS
SEEN AS A SENSITIVE ISSUES.
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ASEAN WAY
UNDERSTANDING AS INFORMALITY,
ORGANIZATION MINIMALISM,
INCLUSIVENESS, INTENSIVE CONSULTATION
LEADING TO CONSENSUS AND PEACEFUL
RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES. IT ALSO A CLAIM
ABOUT THE PROCESS OF REGIONAL
INTERACTION AND COOPERATION BASE ON
DISCRETNESS, INFORMALITY, CONSENSUS
BUILDING AND NON-CONFRONTATIONAL
BARGAINING STYLE.
ASEAN PATRON
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ACCORDING TO THE EFFORT TO KEEP
ASEAN HARMONIZATION, ASEAN ALSO
USE THE PATRON OF SWEPT THE
CONFLICT UNDER CARPET.
INDEED ASEAN HAS FORMAL TREATY
AS A RESULT FROM THE FIRST ASEAN
SUMMIT IN BALI 1976
TREATY OF AMITY AND COOPERATION
(TAC)
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MUTUAL RESPECT FOR INDEPENDENCE,
SOVEREIGNTY, TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OF ALL
NATIONS
THE RIGHT OF EVERY STATE TO LEAD ITS
NATIONAL EXISTENCE FREE FROM EXTERNAL
INTERFERNCE, SUBVERSION AND COERCION
NON-INTERFERENCE IN THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS
OF ONE ANOTHER
SETTLEMENT OF DIFFERENCES AND DISPUTES BY
PEACEFUL MEANS
RENUNCIATION OF THE THREAT OF USE OF
FORCE.
ASEAN
IN THE POST COLD WAR ERA
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WHEN THE WORLD ENTERED THE POST COLD WAR
ERA, ASEAN MUST BE FACING MORE SECURITY
CHALLENGES FROM THE CHANGES OF REGIONAL
SECURITY CONDITION AND ALSO NONTRADITIONAL SECURITY THREATS. THE ASEAN WAY,
TAC, ASEAN CONCORD DID NOT HAVE ENOUGH
POWER TO ANTICIPATE THAT PROBLEMS.
THE ANSWER OF THAT CONDITION WAS THE
PHENOMENON OF ARMS ACQUISITION BETWEEN
ASEAN MEMBERS. BUT THAT CHOICE COULDN’T
ANSWER THE NEW SECURITY CHALLENGE IN ASIA
PACIFIC.
THE NEW APPROACHMENT
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ASEAN SUMMIT 1992 AS A NEW
APPROACHMENT FOR ASEAN IN THE FUTURE
ASEAN THEN DECIDED TO FORM ASEAN
REGIONAL FORUM WITH THE SPIRIT OF
MANAGING REGIONAL SECURITY THROUGH
COOPERATIVE AND COMPREHENSIVE
SECURITY (CBM, PREVENTIVE DIPLOMACY
AND CONFLICT PREVENTION).
ASEAN ALSO ENLARGED THEIR MEMBERS
TOWARD ASEAN TEN ON 1999.
ASEAN TOWARD INTEGRATION
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ASEAN SUMMIT ON BALI 2003 PRODUCED
BALI CONCORD II AS A BASIC COMMITMENT
TO BUILD ASEAN COMMUNITY ON 2015
WHICH BASED ON THREE PILLARS
ASEAN ECONOMY COMMUNITY
ASEAN SECURITY COMMUNITY
ASEAN SOSIAL AND CULTURE COMMUNITY
ASEAN VISION 2020
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focusing on the purpose to make ASEAN on 2020 as a
concert of Southeast Asian Nations living in
peace, stability and prosperity, bonded
together in partnership in dynamic
development and in a community of caring
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This vision will focusing on the greater cooperation
between ASEAN members on political and security
field, making economic cooperation more integrated
and also strengthening the relation between ASEAN
Societies through closer cooperation in the basic of
common identity, historical background and cultural
heritage. This vision then develop into Hanoi Plan of
Action on 1998.
ASEAN SECURITY COMMUNITY
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A Security Community exist when a group
of countries have forged a sense of
collective identity, meaning they will settle
differences without resorting to force. The
mantra here is renunciation of the use of
force or threat of use of force. In this
regard, it is important for ASEAN to develop
a higher degree of confidence and trust, by
which members no longer perceive threats
as coming from within the community
ASC PLAN OF ACTION
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POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
SHAPING AND SHARING NORMS
CONFLICT PREVENTION
CONFLICT RESOLUTION
POST-CONFLICT PEACE BUILDING
SECURITY COMMUNITY AS A
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
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SC DEFINITION FROM KARL W. DEUTSCH
a transnational regional comprised a
sovereign states whose people maintain
dependable expectation of peaceful change.
Because of that security community as
Deutsch mention must be building two
basic charasteristic. First, the absence of
war and the second is the absence of
significant organized preparation for war vis
a vis any other members.
SECURITY COMMUNITY
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Deutsch added that the important prequisite to
build security community is the process of
building common identity, loyality and “we
feeling”
SC CONCEPT FROM
AMITAV ACHARYA ACCORDING TO
ASEAN
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ASEAN could facilitated the ways for building security
community in the basic of the development of trust,
especially through norms of conduct, the development of a
regional culture built around common values such as as
democracy, developmentalism or human right, the
development of regional functional projects that encourage
belief in a common destiny and the development of social
learning, involving redefinition and reinterpretation of
reality, exchange of self-understandings, perception of
realities and normative expectations among the group of
states and their diffusion from country to country.
SECURITY COMMUNITY FROM
ACHARYA’S PERSPECTIVE
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Acharya noted that there are five
elements inside security community (1)
strict and observed norms concerning
of force; on competitive arms
acquisition and contingency-planning
against each other within the grouping;
(2)institutions and processes (formal or
informal) for the pacific settlement of
disputes; (3) long-term prospects for
war avoidance; (4) significant
functional cooperation and integration
and(5) a sense of collective identity.
PROSPECT AND CHALLENGE
OF ASEAN SECURITY COMMUNITY
PROSPECTS
 THE EFFORT TO BUILD “WE FEELING”
AS AN IMPORTANT MANNER ON ASC
THROUGH SHAPING AND SHARING
COMMON NORMS AND VALUES WILL
GIVE BENEFICIAL CONTRIBUTION TO
HARNESS THE POWER OF ASEAN TEN.
THE ASEAN SECURITY COMMUNITY
PROSPECT
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They don’t want to fight each other and always
try to solve the dispute problems especially in
security area through conflict resolution on
pacific settlement means.
The ASEAN members could improve and
strenghten their cooperation in security and
defense areas to anticipate and also fighting
together the existential threat from transnational
actor that brings several non-tradisional security
threats such as terrorism, piracy and maritime
terrorism, drugstrafficking, illegal logging,
illegal fishing and human trafficking.
THE ASEAN SECURITY COMMUNITY
PROSPECT
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Avoiding War
Bigger effort to arrange conflict
management process and leaving the
concept of swept under carpet
Advance relation on the basic of ASEAN
Charter
THE CHALLENGES OF ASEAN
SECURITY COMMUNITY
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How to build a collective identity as an
ASEAN Nation
Problems of political development toward
democratization and respect of human right
Problems of how to build a new formal
mechanism for conflict management
Problems how to leave swept under carpet
model and non-interference principle
THE CHALLENGES OF ASEAN
SECURITY COMMUNITY
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ASEAN MEMBERS (GOVERNMENT AND
SOCIETY) MUST BE MANAGE THEIR POWER
DIVERSITIES INTO PEACEFULL MEANS
THROUGH HABIT DIALOGUE, CONFIDENCE
BUILDING MEASSURES, POSITIVE
INTERFERENCE, PEACE-MAKING AND PEACEKEEPING PROCESS
ASEAN MEMBERS MUST BE ENCOURAGED
TO USE FORMAL MECHANISM TO SOLVE
POLITICAL AND SECURITY PROBLEMS