Transcript The Sense of Scarcity

ECONOMY
CHAPTER 1
Relationship between the
scarcity of economic
source and human
requirement
CHAPTER 2
The Economic Doers
CHAPTER 3
Market
The scarcity of economic resource can happen if the
result isn’t fit with the human requirement which aren’t
limited. Human requirement appear from production
activity, such as goods and service. The factors that
influence the production result is limited quantity, difficult
to get, a lot of require of goods and service, and
geographic location.
The alternative method is the choice to overcome the
scarcity of natural resources. Scarcity is problem of every
people, however rich or poor. The factors of natural
resources scarcity:
a) The number of goods provided by nature
b) The damage natural resources alternative of human
greed.
On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into:
1)
Biotic
Biotic resources are the ones which are obtained
from the biosphere. Forests and their products, animals, birds
and their products, fish and other marine organisms are
important examples. Minerals such us coal and petroleum
are also included in this category because they were
formed from decayed organic matter.
2)
Abiotic
Abiotic resources comprise of non-living things.
Examples include land, water, air and minerals such us gold,
iron copper, silver, etc.
With respect to renewability, natural resources can be
categorized as follows:
1)
Renewable Resources
Renewable Resources are the ones which can be
replenished or reproduced easily. Some of them, like
sunlight, air, wind, etc., are continuously available and
their quantity is not affected by human consumption.
Many renewable resources can be depleted by
human use, but may also be replenished, thus
maintaining a flow. Some of these, like agricultural
crops, take a short time for renewal; others, like water,
take a comparatively longer time, while still others, like
forests, taken even longer. Non-renewable Resources
2) Non-renewable Resources are formed over very long
geological period. Minerals and fossils are included in
this category. Since their rate of formation is extremely
slow, they cannot be replenished once they get
depleted. Out of these, the metallic minerals can be
re-used by recycling them. But coal and
petroleum cannot be recycled.
The alternative method
to overcome the scarcity of
economic resource, for
example from the proteleum
scarcity problem in
Indonesia, and often used
for the requirement. So, very
fast to over used
up(Proteleum is natural
resources which can’t be
renewed. So, in Indonesia
have been found the
alternative to overcome the
proteleum scarcity by
jarak(plant), bioethanol,
biogas, so on (as fuel). But,
there’s also a solar fueled
car, an electric fueled train.
That’s can reduce the
resources scarcity and
created the new alternative
as an anticipation in the
future and to overcome the
expensive of human
requirement
accomplishment.
c)
d)
Capital Resources
The capital consist of goods and money.
The example of good capital are carpenter
tools, stationary, photo copy machine. The
example of money capital are bank loan,
savings, and budget. Capital resources is
consist of private ownership, property of a
group, and society property.
Entrepreneurship
Skill to unite among natural resources,
human resources, and good and service, so
the good capital resources, to produce and
service must develop the quantity ad quality.
In everyday requirement, there are some
economic resources, such as:
a) Natural Resources
Everything provided by nature and to be
managed by human to accomplish the life
requirement. For example, proteleum, water, air, so
on. Because natural resources is limited, so we must
everlasting.
b) Human Resources
Human labor that in the productive age and
expressed as labor force. Many human resources
in Indonesia, but the deployment is not evenly. So,
must do, the transmigration programs, open the
new work field, increase the development in the
outside of Java, Madura, and Bali.
• Food
• Clothes
• Habitation
• Education and healthy
b. Secondary Requirement
Requirement which is not too urgent and its
accomplishment can be differed. Example of
secondary requirement:
• Desk and chair
• Bicycle
• Radio
c. Tertiary Requirement
Requirement of luxurious goods which only has
the characteristics of satisfaction. Tertiary
requirement of everybody are different depends
on the level economic condition of each one.
Example, if in the rural car is tertiary requirement,
but if at city car is secondary requirement.
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Based on Accomplishment
a) Current Requirement
One where its accomplishment can’t be delayed.
Example: the requirement of medicine for one who is
ill, requirement of drink to one who is thirsty.
b) Future Requirement
Requirement where its fulfillment can be delayed in days to
come. Example: hajj pilgrimage, education expense.
Based on Its Nature
a) Physical Requirement
Requirement needed by human body. Example: Nutritious
food in order healthy, vitamin, sport appliances
b) Spiritual Requirement
Requirement related to mental, intellectual refreshing, and
moral. Example: affection, religion, moral, etc.
Based on Subject
a) Individual Requirement
Requirement where is nature for one’s own and depends
one everybody. Example: foods, book, stationary.
b) Collective Requirement
Everything requirement by a group of people.
Example: highway, bridge, hospital, etc.
2. Human Requirement which is Unlimited and
Multifarious
Human requirement is unlimited because if primary
requirements have been fulfilled, then will appear
other requirement or secondary. Thus, if primary
secondary have been fulfilled, then will appear other
requirements or tertiary requirement. For fulfill
requirement need struggle and sacrifice. By
increasing the amount of people and amount of
advance
of
science
and
technology,
so
miscellaneous human requirement are the culture
more and more advance, transportation is a lot
easier, and development technology.
3. Priority Scale
Priority scale is requirement which are arranged
according to the importance order. Priority scale is
needed, because of resource and capital limit, while
the amount and quality requirement is almost
unlimited, even so by means of limited requirements
accomplishment, we are also able to allocate it
precisely . The meaning is by means of limited
requirement accomplishment the optimal satisfaction
can also be achieved. For example, every day your
parents give you pocket money. Every day we also
have requirement as transportation, photocopy, buy
snack, saving, etc. So, we must determine the priority
scale.
Means of accomplishment is a good and service. Good is mean
of accomplishment which has shape and is able to watch and
touch. While service is means of requirement accomplishment
which has no shape, but the advantage can be felt as means of
fulfill human life requirement. Means of accomplishment of
human requirement can be grouped as follow :
1.
By virtue of its scarcity
a.
Free Body
Object where is amount is unlimited and can be
found everywhere. Example: air, stone. But, it good is economic
object so must taken care of its continuity.
b.
Economic Object
Object which is amount is limit so need sacrifice for
get it. Example: television, radio, computer, etc.
c.
Illith Object
Object which as available too much, so can harms
human life. Example: too much water can generate
loods danger, too big fire may cause fire
danger.
2.
3.
According to the purpose of usage
a. Production Object
Object which is able to be utilized to produce another object.
Example of production object is tractor. Tractor is then used
by a farmer as a means of working on agricultural area.
b. Consumption Object
Object which is able to be used directly to fulfill human
requirement. Example : school uniform, bride make up
service,etc.
Based on function in usage
a. Substitution Object
Object which function to replace another object which is desired.
The inter object relation which is able to replace each other is
referred as substitution. Example: Mother needs beef as side
dish, if it is difficult to find, so mother can replace with tofu or
soybean cake.
b. Complementary Object
Object which function to furnish means of accomplishment
requirement which is able. The relation between goods which can
furnish each other is referred as complementary. Example: noodle
will taste cooked if it poured with boiling water,coffee taste
sweet if it mixed with sugar, etc.
4.
Grounded on the production process
a. Raw Material
Material which needs to be processed furthermore in order
that it
can fulfill human requirement. Example
- Paddy
- Cotton
- Animal leather
b. Fabricating Material Good
The result process of raw material, but it still required to be
worked
over to become finished good. Example:
- Timber for furniture company
- Flour for bread concern
- Yarn for textile corporate
c. Finished Good
Material which has passed the final phase in a course of
production
and is ready to be used as appliance
accomplishment of requirement. The materials needn’t be
worked over, but can be used directly to fulfill the daily
requirement. Example:
- Clothes
- Slippers
1.
The economic doers are individuals or organization which are
involved in the economic activities, they are producing,
distributing, or using goods and service produced. There are
several components of economic doers:
Household
Household as economic doer has a very important role in
economic activities.
a. As Consumer
Household acts as a consumer is goods or service user
made by a concern to full fill the need.
b. As Producer
Household is also able to act as a producer. In a
production activity, a household is also produce goods and
service, either for individual need or a household of larger
concern.
c. As Distributor
A household can also act as distributor.
As an economic doer, an enterprise household
develops largely, mainly one organized by a private
side. As an economic doer, a concern act as a
consumer, producer, and all at once a distributor.
a)As Consumer
In the production process of good or service, an
enterprise requires the production factor In the form
of manpower, expert, industrial machine, and raw
materials.
b)As Producer
As producer, a concern products the good and
service to get profit.
c)As Distributor
As distributor, an enterprise distribute the good in
distribution system… by open its branches in
various region.
Central and local government holds an important role in
the
economy activity. Their role are:
a. As Consumer
The facility are needed to do the government. For
example, the usage of office stationary by central or
local government.
b. As Producer
The government acts as a producer to encourage the
economic activity in Indonesia. For example, create the
tax and retribution.
c. As Distributor
The government provides transportation and also
distribute subsidy to support for guarantee the society
life continuance.
4.
Foreign Community
Foreign community has a role that is:
a. As Consumer
Foreign community act as consumer, as the
user of domestic product.
b. As Producer
Foreign community act as an investor and
supplier of things service needed by Indonesian
community.
c. As a Distributor
Foreign community act as distributor of
domestic product
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BUMN (State Owned Corporation)
A company which all of capital or a half has country. Based on the UU
No 9 tahun1969 BUMN consist Jawatan Company, Public Company, and
Persero
a.
Jawatan Company
A company which move in production or service to public important.
The characteristic of Jawatan Company:
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Shade under Department
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The worker is Civil Servant
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The benefit go into Country’s cash and the lose guarantee by
government.
Example, Jawatan Company is PJKAI, Perjan Penggadaian
Public Company
A Country’s company that purpose to servicing public important and
find the profit. The characteristic of Public Company:
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Service the public important
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The leader is Direction
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The worker is employee of sat
b.
c.
d. Persero Company
A Country’s company that purpose find the profit,
but service unsure for public. The characteristic of
Persero Company:
 Can't facilities ant auxiliary from government
 The capital comes from government and private
For example of persero company,
PT. Pos Indonesia, PT. Telkom.
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The benefit of BUMN (State Owned Corporation):
1. Give the youth to get tool of requirement fulfillment
that is goods and service.
2. Open and expand the work to population .
3. Increase quantity and quality of export commodity
production as a foreign exchange.
BUMS
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Certain company which has financial capital from private
. The most important purpose of BUMS is to find profit as
much as company can . Private company is consist of
National private, Foreign private, and mixture private. See
form the type of BUMS,BUMS can be as PT, CV, Firma, and
so on.
The Function of BUMS
To help government in increasing the income of country.
To help government decreasing unemployment with
making new vocation.
To help government on manage and organize
production, distribution, and consumption.
Can heighting the growth of national economy.
Cooperation
Cooperation is company which has
family principle.
 The Sign of Cooperation

› Chain= Eternal Friendship
› Cog= Effort at all times
› Pair of Scales= Social Justice
› Star and Shield= Pancasila
› Red and white= The characteristic of
National Cooperation
The Base of Cooperation
 Idiil base= Pancasila
 Structural base= UUD 1945
 Mental Base= A friend at court and individual
awareness.
The Aim of Cooperation
 The aim of cooperation is drumming up the prosperity
of the member at notably and society at general.
Cooperation Principle
 The membership is open end and voluntary
 The organizer do by democratic
 The stand alone.
 Finite recompensation gift at financial capital.
 The division of distribution do by fair.
The Function of Cooperation in
Economy of Indonesia
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Building and evolving member economy ability
at notably and society at general to increase
economy and social prosperity.
Play role actively in increasing quality of society
life.
Making society economic as base economic
fervency and tenacity.
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Definition of Market
The market is where sellers and buyers meet where vendors were
selling wares to buyers interested in buying and bargain price there,
if it happened already agreed to purchase.
The kinds of market

Based from the traded goods
• Concrete market
It is any buyer and seller and the object
The characteristic of concrete market:
Seller and buyer And the object in the place it
Example Johar Market, Karangayu market.
• Abstract Market
It is connect the buyer and seller and the object can’t in place.
The characteristic of Abstract market:
 The seller and buyer doesn’t meet. The buyer buy good by
telephone, letter, or internet.
 Example: Synthetic market, coffee market, and etc.
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Based from the traded goods
• Consumption market
Market traded consumption good.
• Production factor market
Buy sell market goods useful for the production process.
Based from the extensive production activities
a. Local market: the market covers a range district. Example
Gayamsari market
b. b. Regional markets: market coverage includes a state
Example: Johar Market
c. National Market:The market covers a national . Example:
Electronic market, Garment Market, and etc.
d. International Market: The market is reaching the whole
country in the world. Example :Tobacco Market in
Bremen.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Reviewed in Terms of the Time Occurrence
Daily Market
Market that happens everyday.
Example: Johar Market
Weekly Market
Market that happens once a week
Example : Morning Market in Simpang Lima
Monthly Market
Market that happens once a month
Example : Ornamental Fish Market in Cirebon
Annual Market
Market that happens once a year
Example : PRPP in Semarang
Temporary Market
Market which not certainly happen atthe time
a.
b.
c.
d.
Reviewed in Terms of the Shape / Structure
Monopoly Market
Market that there is only a single seller or producer. In
monopoly market, there is no similar competitors. While there,
it`s only as a subtitute.
Monopsony Market
Market that there is only one buyer and buyer can affect the
price of goods or services.
Example : Tobacco farmers which the buyers is a cigarette
factory
Duopoly Market
Market that there are two companies, which carry the same
production and the market for certain goods.
Oligopoly Market
Market that there are several sellers. The result is a competitive
product
e.
f.
Monopolistic competitive market
This market have monopsony unsure. The goods
are similar, but differenced.
Perfect competitive market
In this market there are many seller and buyer. The
characteristic are : There are many seller and buyer,
the goods are homogen.
Function of Market
In the concrete market, the goods are in the market so
the buyers can choose it. Concrete market has an
important function, there are :
a) To distributes goods from producer
b) Makes buyer easier to choose the goods
c) As a trade place
d) To open work field
e) To increase the income