Transcript File

AFRICA - Session 5
NOTE about Namibia:
One of our class participants has offered
her expertise & assistance to anyone
contemplating travel to Namibia.
Ingrid Langdon
863-6143
AFRICA - Session 5
Hunting for
MINERALS, ATOMS & ANIMALS:
South Africa
Part 1
SOUTH AFRICA
Civilizations Time Line
History
Minerals
Energy
Demographics
SOUTH AFRICA
HISTORY
2 to 3 million years ago:
- early hominid fossils
- archeological site - Sterkfontein
CRADLE OF HUMANKIND
182 sq miles in 2 provinces
> 800 hominid fossil remains
limestone caves
SOUTH AFRICA
HISTORY
2 to 3 million years ago:
- early hominid fossils
- archeological site - Sterkfontein
CRADLE OF HUMANKIND
182 sq miles in 2 provinces
> 800 hominid fossil remains
limestone caves
STERKFONTEIN CAVES
1896: first discovered
1947: ‘Mrs Ples’ skull discovered
1997: ‘Little Foot’ complete skeleton discovered
SOUTH AFRICA
HISTORY
2 to 3 million years ago:
- early hominid fossils
- archeological site - Sterkfontein
+30,000 years ago:
- arrival of San/Khoe tribes
- a.k.a. Bushmen/Hottantots
- hunter-gatherers/herders
- probably from northeast Africa
Civilizations Time Lines - Iron Age to the Present
17,000 BCE
0 AD
23,000 BCE
2.5 million
BOTSWANA
ANGOLA
NAMIBIA
SOUTH AFRICA
Nations of World History
5000 BC to 1400 BC: pre-Iron Age 1400 BC to present time
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
AFRICA
2.5 million years ago: early hominids
30,000 years ago: San/Khoe tribes
SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICA
HISTORY
400-1000 AD – Bantu migration from north
. .eastern group
bringing iron age
& agriculture skills
SOUTH AFRICA
HISTORY
500 AD Bantu Expansion
20th century
white Angolans,
Zimbabweans,
Mozambicans
indigenous Bushmen
mid 1800’s
Indians/Asians
1600’s Europeans
1800’s trekkers/homesteaders
1600’s Malayasians
Civilizations Time Lines - Iron Age to the Present
San/Khoe Tribes
17,000 BCE
23,000 BCE
30,000 BCE
B
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AD
I O
D MBOTSWANA
ANGOLA
NAMIBIA
SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICA
20th century
white Angolans,
Zimbabweans,
Mozambicians
500 AD Bantu Expansion
northern gold
mines, lowveld
indigenous Bushmen
mid 1800’s
Indians/Asians
eastern coast
1600’s
Europeans
temperate
southern Cape
1800’s trekkers/homesteaders
1600’s Malayasians
population density
SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICA TODAY
most471,011
size:
southern
sqAfrican
miles (2X
country
Texas)
bordered by . .
SWAZILAND
LESOTHOZIMBABWE
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NAMIBIA
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BOTSWANA
surrounds 2 independent countries
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SOUTH AFRICA
- capital: Pretoria
- demographics (the rainbow nation)
- population: 49 million
Tribal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79%
‘colored’. . . . . . . . . . . . 9%
white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9%
other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2%
- median age. . . . . . . . 24 yrs
- life expectancy . . . . . 50 yrs
SOUTH AFRICA
- official language: 11 languages
home spoken:
Zulu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24%
Xhosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18%
Afrikaans . . . . . . . . . . 13%
English . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8%
other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37%
- religions:
Christian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80%
Tribal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15%
other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5%
- education:
- literacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96%
- complete primary. . . . . 77%
SOUTH AFRICA
- per capita GDP . . . . . . $10,100US
- economy:
- arable land . . . . . . . . . . 12%
- rich in coal, platium, gold
- no appreciable oil/gas
6% GDP – diamond/gold mining
12% GDP – tourism
How does South Africa compare?
SIZE (X Texas)
DEMOGRAPHICS
population (million)
people/sq mile
indiginous tribes
european extraction
other(mixed, Indian/Asian)
median age (years)
life expectancy (2007)
life expectancy (1990)
LANGUAGES (official)
RELIGIONS
Christian
Tribal
(Hindu/Jewish/Moslem/none)
BOTSWANA
1X
ANGOLA
2X
NAMIBIA SOUTH AFRICA
1.4X
2X
1.9
8
97%
%
0%
21.7
35 years
64 years
18
25
95%
2%
3%
18
38 years
40 years
2.1
5
86%
7%
7%
21
56 years
62 years
49
104
80%
9%
11%
24
50 years
62 years
English,
Tswana
Portuguese
English
11 official
88%
7%
5%
80%
10%
10%
80%
15%
5%
50-70%
30-50%
Christian
Tribal
(Hindu/Jewish/Moslem/none)
EDUCATION
literacy (adults)
primary (% complete)
ECONOMY (CIA)
per capita GDP (US$)
GDP: mining
GDP: oil/gas
GDP: tourism
NATURAL RESOURCES
arable land
oil reserves (million barrels)
50-70%
30-50%
88%
7%
5%
80%
10%
10%
70%
83%
75%
40-65%
35%
88%
77%
96%
77%
$13,900
41%
$9,000
11%
85%
$6,400
12%
$10,100
6%
16%
12%
3%
9,040
1%
12%
15
9.3
1.3
0.32
0.18
1.4
0.35
1.1
54
How does South Africa compare?
30%
12%
5%
gas reserves (trillion cubic ft)
diamond reserves (billion ct)
coal reserves (billion tons)
other
???
70-200
copper,nickel fish,coffee uranium uranium, gold
BOTSWANA ANGOLA NAMIBIA SOUTH AFRICA
SIZE (X Texas) (268601sqmile)
DEMOGRAPHICS (UNICEF)
population (million)
people/sq mile
indiginous tribes
european extraction
other (mixed, Indian, Asian, etc)
median age (years)
life expectancy (2007)
life expectancy (1990)
LANGUAGES (official)
RELIGIONS
Christian
Tribal
Other (Hindu/Jewish/Moslem/none)
EDUCATION
literacy (adults)
primary (% complete)
ECONOMY (CIA)
per capita GDP (US$)
GDP: mining
GDP: oil/gas
GDP: tourism
NATURAL RESOURCES
arable land
oil reserves (million barrels)
gas reserves (trillion cubic feet)
diamond reserves (billion carat)
coal reserves (billion tons)
other
BOTSWANA
1X
ANGOLA
2X
NAMIBIA
1.4X
SOUTH AFRICA
2X
1.9
8
97%
3%
0%
21.7
35 years
64 years
English, Tswana
18
25
75%
1%
24%
18
38 years
40 years
Portuguese
2.1
5
86%
7%
7%
21
56 years
62 years
English
49
104
80%
9%
11%
24
50 years
62 years
11 official
50-70%
30-50%
88%
7%
5%
80%
10%
10%
70%
83%
75%
40-65%
35%
88%
77%
96%
77%
$13,900
41%
$9,000
11%
85%
$6,400
12%
$10,100
6%
16%
12%
1%
12%
15
0.32
1.1
54
uranium, gold
12%
5%
???
70-200
copper,nickel
3%
9,040
9.3
0.18
fish,coffee
1.3
1.4
0.35
uranium, lead
30%
SOUTH AFRICA
our travel route
SOUTH AFRICA
our travel route
1 month
in Namibia
- 3 months (w/Namibia)
- 5000 km (3150 miles)
- rental car
- cabins, rondavels,
campgrounds, B&Bs
SOUTH AFRICA
our
thistravel
next
week
weekroute
. .. .. ..
1 month
in Namibia
- 3 months (w/Namibia)
- 5000 km (3150 miles)
- rental car
- cabins, rondavels,
campgrounds, B&Bs
a quick look at
South African
MINERALS . . . .
Natural Resources that shaped World History
Copper
Tin
Iron
Coal
Oil
South Africa
Natural Resources that shaped World History
Copper
Tin
Iron
Coal
Oil
“self-sufficient in most of its mineral needs”, including . . .
andalusite
antimony
asbestos
chromium
cobalt
copper
fluorspar
lead
lime
limestone
manganese
nickel
platinum
phosphate rock
silver
sulfur
titanium
uranium
vanadium
vermiculite
zinc
zirconium
South Africa
Natural Resources that shaped World History
Coal
reserves: 54 billion tons
world’s 6th largest reserves
provides 88% of S.A. primary energy
provides 90% of S.A. electricity
South Africa
SOUTH AFRICA
- long way from coal fields to Cape area
- more economical to build a nuclear
power station than to transport coal
- 1984: plant completed/on-line
coal fields
major industrial areas
SOUTH AFRICA
only 20 miles north of Cape Town
1 - area is geologically stable
spent fuel elements
the only nuclear power plant in Africa
low/intermediate level wastes
SOUTH AFRICA
only 20 miles north of Cape Town
1 - area is geologically stable
2 - cold water of the Atlantic Ocean is ideal for cooling
3- easily accessibility to national electric grid
SOUTH AFRICA
“create an efficient regional electric supply”
inaugurated in 1995
12 African countries
200 million people
SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICA
DURING 2008 . . . .
shortages/rolling black-outs
THE FUTURE . . . .
by 2012
$39 billion US
new coal/gas turbine plants
by 2025 . . . double total generating capacity
. . . increase nuclear contribution from 6% to 25%
SOUTH AFRICA
diamonds . . .
SOUTH AFRICA
diamonds . . .
1866: young boy found 21.25 carat
diamond in a stream – called "Eureka“
1871: 82 carat diamond found on
slopes of nearby hill – GOLD RUSH
Vail River
Orange River
1882: claim map
SOUTH AFRICA
KIMBERLITE PIPES – named for Kimberly, S.A. where they were first identified
ground surface
1888: Cecil Rhodes consolidates
leases into DeBeers Mining
1914: ‘Big Hole’ mining closes after - 22.5 million tons earth moved
- 6000 lbs diamonds found
‘underground mining’ continues
- to depth
~ 3 map
miles
1882:of
claim
- closed in 2005
2006: DeBeers/town open Theme
Park & work toward ‘World
Heritage’ site designation
SOUTH AFRICA
2006: DeBeers/town open Theme
Park & work toward ‘World
Heritage’ site designation
SOUTH AFRICA
Buy gas,
Ask get
for groceries
help
Off sheSee
goes
sign
to about
a safe lost
place!
dog
SOUTH AFRICA
gold . . . .
SOUTH AFRICA
gold . . . .
Johannesburg
historically, world’s largest producer
2007: surpassed by China
SOUTH AFRICA
Gold Production History
1970 – 2/3 world production
2007 – 1/10 world production
SOUTH AFRICA
Gold Production (million of ounces)
South African mine have highest production costs
95% of mines are underground operations
many mines are deeper than 1 mile
declining grades of gold
SOUTH AFRICA
Chris Hardnady (research/techincal director,Umvoto). . . .
“. . . gold reserves 90% less than officially claimed . . .”
“. . . reserves are only 3 times the 1970 production level . . .”
(about 10 year supply at current production rates)
SOUTH AFRICA
Challenges to South African gold . . .
- royalties
- increasing electrical charges
- burden of BEE (black economic empowerm’t)
- recent safety shutdowns
- security costs
- currency exchange fluctuations
Opportunity . . . . . . . .
- stronger future uranium market
- possible re-opening closed gold
mines where uranium Is present
SOUTH AFRICA
So, how does geology impact our travels?
Geologic processes create MINERALS . . . . .
. . . . . . . COAL & URANIUM to fuel our factories &
provide our electrical power
. . . . . . . DIAMONDS & GOLD for industrial use &
to adorn our bodies
REMEMBER . . . . GEOLOGY ROCKS!
SOUTH AFRICA
good-bye to the city . . .
. . . and its dangers!
Next week – Session 6
Into the Bush . . . .
Looking for Animals
South Africa
Next week – Session 6
PLEASE!
Return all borrowed
books next week!
REFERENCES
http://geology.com/world/south-africa-satellite-image.shtml
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/East_Africa.html
http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/South-Africa
http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/South-Africa-MINING.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Africa_-_population_migrations.svg#file
http://www.sa-venues.com/maps/gauteng_cradle_of_humankind.htm
http://www.khulsey.com/jewelry/kh_jewelry_diamond_mining.html
http://www.melkbos.com/directory/Koeberg_nuclear_power_station/
http://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsga/cradle-of-humankind.htm
http://www.maropeng.co.za/index.php/maropeng/
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/South_Africa/Coal.html
http://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/africa/south_africa_ind_1979.jpg
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf88.html
http://www.eskom.co.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=548
http://www.showcaves.com/english/za/mines/Kimberley.html
http://www.mineweb.co.za/mineweb/
http://www.munoz-group.net/pics/map_africa.jpg
http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S003823532009000500004&script=sci