Transcript Development - Shanghai American School

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mgPEP8HAss
 In geography it refers to:
 Demographic change
 Economic growth
 Increased use of resources
 Modernization
 Higher levels of technology
 Political freedom
 Provide statistical “evidence” of level of development
 Population growth
 Life expectancy
 Health
 Education
 Urbanization
 Income distribution
 Industrialization
 Energy consumption
Based mainly on political and economic criteria:
 First World
 Capitalist countries
 Free market economies
 Varying degree of government intervention.
 Second World
 Socialist and communist countries
 Government economic control .
 Third World
 Relatively poor and under-developed countries
 Located mainly in Asia, Africa and South America.
 Many have recently achieved political independence from colonial
powers
 Being drawn into the global economy.
LLEDC’s
Least Economically Developed Countries
Lagging behind main LEDC cluster
Poorest countries in the world
LEDC’s
Less Economically Developed Countries
Mainly agricultural employment
FCC’s
Former Communist Countries
Struggling to convert their economies to
capitalist lines
RIC’s
Recently Industrialized Countries
Manufacturing Based
Started industrialization 80-90’s
OPEC’s
Oil & Petroleum Exporting Companies
NIC’s
Newly Industrialized Countries
Manufacturing based
Started modern industrialization in 60’s
MEDC’s
More Economically Developed Countries
Furthest along development pathway
Highest standards of living
ELDC’s
 Large proportion of
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workforce engaged in
primary activities
Large rural sector
Rapid population growth
High rate of urbanization
Low standards of living
NIC’s
 Increasing proportion of
workforce in
manufacturing industries
 Significant average annual
growth in manufacturing
 Significant increase in GDP
provided by manufacturing
 Increasing share of the
world’s manufacturing
output
 3 main groups of NIC’s
 Asian ‘tigers’ (Hong Kong, Singapore, S Korea, Taiwan)
 Latin American (Brazil and Mexico)
 European (Portugal, Greece)
 Most common measure
 GDP= total value of goods
and services produced in a
country in a single year
 15% of world’s population
live in countries with high
GDP/capita
 56% of world’s pop live in
areas with a low GDP/C
 Some countries have a
GDP/C lower then US$200
(Rwanda, Ethiopia)
 Short-comings:
 Hides regional variations
 Fails to take into account
local cost of living
 Does not take into account
the informal economy
 Ignores the social and
environmental cost of
economic growth
 Used by World Bank
 Level of GNP adjusted
to local cost of living
 Takes into account:
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Food
Transport
Clothing
Housing
 Raises the position of
many ELDC’s where
cost of living is lower
 Depresses the wealth
of EMDC’s where cost
of living is higher
 The Big Mac Index is
an informal way of
measuring the
purchasing power
parity (PPP) between
two currencies and
provides a test of the
extent to which market
exchange rates result in
goods costing the same
in different countries.
 More reliable or accurate measure
 Use a number of indices of well-being/quality of
life (qualitative measures)
 Literacy:
 crude indicator of access to education
 Literacy is part of Prim Ed therefore accessible
 Education plays a role in productivity
 Life Expectancy:
 Having life is most NB aspect of quality of life
 Reflects access to medical care, adequate nutrition
 Infant Mortality Rate
Indicator
Ave. of 3 measures
Longevity
Knowledge
Standard of living
PQLI (ODA)
Life expectancy
Literacy
Infant mortality
HDI (UN)
Life expectancy at birth
1.
2.
Adult literacy rate
Combined school
enrolment ratio
Adjusted per capita income
in PPP$
GDI
Female and male life
expectancy at birth
1.
Female and male
literacy rates
Female and male
combined school
enrolment ratios
Adjusted per capita income
in PPP$, based on female
and male earned income
shares
2.
HPI-1
Developing countries
Percentage of people not
expected to survive to age 40
Adult literacy rate
1.
2.
3.
HPI-2
Industrialized countries
Percentage of people not
expected to survive to age 60
Adult functional literacy
rate
% of people without
access to safe water
% of people without
access to health
services
% of underweight
children under 5
% of people living below the
income poverty line
(50% of median
personal disposable
income)
 Can hide widespread
inequalities
 Regional and racial
HDI’s can be developed
to show patterns
1. Under free market conditions
2. Countries exploit their resources
3. Countries base their growth on their
advantages
4. Most EMDC’s
1. Governments control all resources
2. Dictate type and place of growth that
they desire
3. North Korea, USSR, China
1. NIC’s progressing from using import
substitution industries (ISI’s) which
reduce debt, into developing export
oriented industries (EOI’s) which gain
valuable foreign currency
2. South Korea, Taiwan
 Economic
 Reducing unemployment
 Raising productivity
 Using resources more efficiently
 Social
 Increase standards of living
 Slowing migration
 Reducing regional inequalities
 Political
 Attempting to win votes before an election
 Environmental
 Dereliction
 Blight and contamination
 Describes how EMDC’s have
changed from agricultural societies
to post-industrial societies
 Change occurred because success in
one sector produced surplus revenue
 Revenue invested in new industries
and technologies
 Increased range of industries in an
area
 The most basic model:
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Descriptive
Crude level of analysis
Omits to say how or why country developed
Does not show regional variations
 Traditional subsistence economy
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Agricultural basis
Little manufacturing
Few international links
Low population growth
 Pre-conditions for take-off
 Establishes international links
 Resources increasingly exploited
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(by colonial countries or MNC’s)
Begins to develop urban system
(primate city)
Develops transport infrastructure
Inequalities emerge between
developed core and
underdeveloped periphery
Population increases in the Core
 Drive to Maturity
 Diversification of economy
 Development of service
industry (health, education,
welfare)
 Growth spreads to other
sectors and regions
 Population growth slows and
stabilizes
•Take-off to Maturity (sustained
growth)
•Economy expands rapidly
(manufacturing)
•Population growth accelerates
•Regional inequalities intensify
(multiplier effect)
•Growth is either natural (EMDC),
forced (FCC), or planned (NIC)
 Age of high mass consumption
 Advanced urban-industrial
systems
 High
production/consumption of
consumer goods
 Population growth slows
considerably
 Anglo-centric
 Aspatial – does not look
at variations within
countries
 Does not take racial
differences into account
 Over time economic forces increase
regional inequalities rather than
reduce them
 Development caused by natural
advantages and regional interaction
 3 stages
1.
Traditional, pre-industrial stage
with few regional disparities
2.
Increased disparities caused by
multiplier effect and backwash
effects as country industrializes
3.
A reduction in regional
inequalities as spread effects
occur
 Comparative advantages
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Natural resources
Location
Labor supply
Market access
 Stimulate industrial growth
 Acquired advantages
 Improvements in
infrastructure
 Skilled work force
 Reinforce area’s reputation
 Attracts further investment
 Region grows and stays
ahead
 Multiplier effect occurs
 Cumulative causation
 Spatial interaction increases
 Movement to Core
 Skilled workers
 Investment
 New developments
 Peripheral areas have
backwash effect
 Flooded by manufactured
goods from core
 Prevents development of
manufacturing in periphery
 Spread effects occurs
 When core stimulates
surrounding areas to develop
to meet consumer demand
1.
Preindustrial economy:
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2.
independent local centers
no hierarchy
Transitional economy:
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Single strong center
emerges
Dominates colonial society
as preconditions begin
Growing manufacturing
center
Concentration of
investment
Core with primate city
3.
Industrial economy
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4.
Single strong centre
Strong peripheral sub-centers
Increased regional inequalities
between core and periphery
Upward spiral in the core
Downward spiral in periphery
(cumulative causation)
As economy expands, more balanced
national development
Sub-centers develop
Form integrated national urban
hierarchy
Post-industrial economy
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Functionally interdependent
urban system
Periphery is eliminated
 Demographic change
 Economic growth
 Increased use of
resources
 Modernization
 Higher levels of
technology
 Political freedom