Transcript PowerPoint

Centre for Applied Studies in International
Negotiations (CASIN)
Geneva, August 29, 2002
ICT for Development
[email protected]
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT)
Telecommunication Data & Statistics Unit (TDS)
Presentation overview
1.
ICT for Development
2.
What is the ITU and
what does it do?
3.
Statistics and
Analysis, and why it
matters
Achieving
national
e-readiness
Incorporating
ICT for
development
34. Lessons learned
The
benefits:
ICT as a tool
Democracy
Is it this simple?
Interconnectivity
Note: The Democracy variable is derived from Freedom House data and the interconnectivity variable is based on data
from numerous e-mail networks and measures the number of emails exchanged
Source: RAND, 1997, http://www.rand.org/publications/RGSD/RGSD127/sec4.html
?
How can ICT promote
development?
ICT for development
Delivery
of services
Employment
Economic
growth
Transparency
Accountability
Effectiveness
Empowerment
Participation
Global economy/Economic
trends
Sector
Share of
world GDP
Trend
Agriculture
< 10%

Manufacturing
< 20%

Services
>30%
Knowledge
economy (ICT)
>40%
Source: World Bank


Global Telecom Revenues
US$ Billion
Services
1600
Equipment
1400
335
1200
310
290
1110
1010
260
920
230
740
530
210
700
130
180
610
130
160
490
200
110
410
400
110
390
600
460
800
670
1000
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002
Source: ITU
ICT in the economy
•
•
The effects of Korea’s
investment into ICT, and
particularly broadband
technologies, are
remarkable:
Total production has
increased from 15 billion
Euros in 1991 to 119 billion
Euros in 2000. This trend
has equally contributed to
the country’s international
trade surplus, which
increased from US$ 2.7
billion in 1991 to US$ 15.7 in
2000.
Proportion of GDP per capita generated
by ICT sector
16.6
20
15
8.6
9.3
1997
1998
11.2
12.9
1999
2000
10
5
0
2005
“The spillover effects of the investment in broadband Internet service on overall
industries roughly amount to US$ 7.07 billion to US$ 9.46 billion and has
created from 4’900 to 8’300 jobs by 2001”: Ministry of Information and
Communication, Korea, 2002.
ICT as an economic driver
•
Last year India exported
some US$ 6 billion of
software, equivalent to
14 per cent of its total
exports. The Indian
software industry
employs over 400’000 IT
professionals.
India IT Software and
Services Exports,
US$ billion
$6.2
$4.0
$2.7
$1.8
$0.7
$1.1
95- 96- 97- 98- 99- 0096 97 98 99 00 01
ICT creates better jobs…
 Many jobs of different levels / skills

Higher pay

Higher productivity jobs

“White-collar” jobs

Socially respected jobs

Women participation in the workforce
Transparency
Accountability
Effectiveness
Government
ICT are revolutionizing the internal
workings and external relations of
public administrations
ICT help to put countries in the
spotlight (human rights abuses,
corruption etc)
Empowerment and
participation
Society
Information flows in both directions
and gives people a voice to influence
policy making and to participate
ICT provide the backbone of collaboration for civil society
Transparency Accountability
Effectiveness
•
Witness.org is a human rights website that supports local
activists and uses PCs, imaging and editing software,
satellite phones and email to reveal human rights
violations to governments and communities
•
In El Salvador Probidad (www.probidad.org) promotes
democratization efforts by using ICT to monitor
corruption, mobilize awareness about the complexities
and costs of corruption and promote local and contextspecific measures to promote good governance
Transparency Accountability
Effectiveness
•
•
South Africa’s Political Information and Monitoring
Service (PIMS) aims to promote democracy by providing
easy-to-understand summaries of complicated
documents and by helping citizens to make submissions
to parliament
In Vietnam “Your lawyer” is a CD-ROM with information
on citizens’ rights, how to start a business, protect land
rights and get a divorce. It is distributed to media
organizations, and representations in all provinces and
peoples’ councils.
Delivery of services
• The South Africa IT Strategy project (SAITIS)
provides Internet access in schools as well as
community Internet access points where public
information terminals allow citizens to access
government online services
Delivery of services
• In Estonia and in Hungary the state and local
governments have set up rural telecottages to
promote education and research in rural areas.
Farmers are expanding their access to markets by
offering their products online locally. Estonian web
designers, some of which live in rural areas, have
clients all over the world.
For more ICT success
stories…
ITU’s
Information and Communication Technology
success factor home page
http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/wsis-themes/ict_stories/index.html
Reminder…
Presentation overview
1. ICT for Development
2. What is the ITU and
what does it do?
3. Statistics and Analysis,
and why it matters
4. Lessons learned
Achieving
national
e-readiness
Incorporating
ICT for
development
The
benefits:
ICT as a tool
ITU
• The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
is the United Nation specialized agency for
telecommunications
• Founded in 1865, the ITU has 189 Member states
and 667 sector members
• It is based in Geneva and has 11 regional offices
around the world
• The three Sectors of the ITU are
– Radiocommunication
– Telecommunication Standardization
– Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT)
ITU’s purpose
• The ITU is an impartial, international organization within
which governments and the private sector work together to
coordinate the operation of telecommunication networks and
services and advance the development of communications
technology
• The International Telecommunication Union is unique among
international organizations in that it was founded on the
principle of cooperation between governments and the
private sector
• Its members include telecommunication policy-makers and
regulators, network operators, equipment manufacturers,
hardware and software developers, regional standardsmaking organizations and financing institutions
The World Summit on the
Information Society (WSIS)
•
•
To bring together major
players to discuss the
changes, the opportunities,
and the dangers, emerging
from the fundamental global
transformation
Participants will include
heads of state, executive
heads of the UN agencies,
industry leaders, nongovernmental organizations,
media representatives and
civil society
Statistics and Analysis –
and why it matters
• As a UN agency the ITU is in charge of producing
statistics covering its sector. This activity is part of
the global statistical system of the UN
• The Telecommunication, Data, and Statistics Unit
collects data for some 200 economies
• Data is collected by means of an annual
questionnaire and provided by government
ministries, regulators, and telecom operators
Data dissemination
•
World Telecommunication
Indicators Database
•
ITU Statistical Publications
•
Free statistics
www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/
Analysis – using and
interpreting the statistics
World Telecommunication
Development Reports
• Analyzing trends and
developments
• What has worked and
what hasn’t?
Trends:
Mobile communications
Telephone subscribers, millions
97 countries have
more mobile than fixed
phones
Fixed
2002:Mobile surpasses fixe
Mobile
Mobile has raised access to communications to new levels…
policy-makers must look to mobile as a way of achieving social policy goals
Identifying the
Digital Divide
100%
Low Income
80%
60%
Lower Middle
40%
Upper Middle
20%
High Income
0%
Pop.
Source: ITU
Phone
Mobile Internet
GDP
The Internet divide
Internet users, m illions
450
Developing
Developed
400
350
250
200
24
17
150
2.3
11
100
0
33
Per 100 inhabitants
300
50
41
1.6
7
4
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Source: ITU
Understanding the Divide
•
The difference between fast
& super-fast growth is often
the quality & timing of
reform
18
16
14
12
Morocco:
Licenses 2nd
mobile &
privatizes
operator in 1999
10
8
6
Egypt:
Licenses
2nd mobile
in 1999
Tunisia:
Licensing of
2nd operator
pending
4
Algeria:
Licenses 2nd
mobile in 2001
2
0
1991 1996 1998 2000
Understanding the Divide
Reasons for not using the Internet, %,
2001
No need
40%
Don't have
computer
Not
interested
Don't
know how
to use
Cost
33%
25%
16%
12%
•
Awareness and content are
major factors that influence
Internet usage
Country Case Studies
•
•
Launched in 2000 (6 studies)
7 studies in 2001 and 2 studies (so far) in 2002
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
www.itu.int/ict/cs
Country Overview
Telecom sector
Media sector
Internet market
Use in government, health,
education and business
Recommendations
ITU Case Studies:
Benchmarking countries
Pervasiveness
4
3
Sophistication
2
Singapore
Malaysia
Indonesia
Dispersion
1
0
Organizational
Absorption
Connectivity
ICT related statistics
and the digital divide
Hard factors
•Infrastructure
•Pricing/affordability
Internet use =
Soft factors
•Language/content
•Education
•Literacy
+
Infrastructure
+
Affordability
Human skills
Pricing/affordability
Dial-up Internet access per hour,
US$, July 2001
$1.50
$1.25
$1.00
Phone usage
ISP usage
0.48
$0.75
$0.50
$0.25
0.35
0.24
0.84
0.78
Indonesia
Vietnam
0.16
$0.00
Singapore
Malaysia
Traditional arguments for
Digital Divide
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers as % of
telephone lines, 2001
100%
Singapore
36%
Malaysia
Thailand
13%
Cambodia
11%
Philippines
9%
Indonesia
6%
Vietnam
4%
Laos
3%
Only 4% of
telephone
lines in
Vietnam used
to access the
Internet!
Internet users are not close to level
of telephone lines
Affordability
Mobile to Internet price ratio,
2001
26
Singapore
Thailand
14
Malaysia
14
11
VietNam
9
Philippines
9
Indonesia
Laos
4
It costs 9
times more to
use a mobile
than the
Internet in
Indonesia!
Mobile much more expensive than
Internet yet there are many more
mobile than Internet users
Language/Content
If you do not understand some basic English, you are
not likely to use the Internet
Fair
43%
English profiency
of Thai Internet User
2000
Limited
11%
Good
38%
None
1%
Excellent
7%
Source: ITU adapted from NECTEC. “Internet User Profile of Thailand 2000.”
Education
•
•
•
65% of Indonesian
Internet users have a
college degree or are in
college
50% of Indonesians with
college degree are online
compared to 0.5%
without
Wiring Indonesian high
schools would add
another 10 million users
(compared to only 2
million currently)
Undergraduate
20%
Masters
5%
Doctorate
1%
Bachelor's
39%
High
school
35%
Profile of Indonesian Internet
User
Source: APJII
Lessons learned…
Know where you stand and
where you are going….!
To adopt the appropriate
policies, a government
needs to identify its
SWOTs?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Collection of statistics
(beyond the pure ICT
statistics)
Analysis
Trends
User profiles
What are your needs?
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
Vison!
• Top-level support and a vision for ICT development
• Coordination of ICT initiatives to avoid duplication
and guarantee success
• A comprehensive ICT and e-development strategy
Private/public partnership
Governments
– need to attract and work closely with the private sector
– need to create the appropriate environment for private
companies to invest
“A combination of well-designed concession agreements with
foreign telecommunications operators, clear government
support for a broad e-readiness program, aggressive public
awareness-raising, and governmental commitment to the
digital revolution have made for Estonia’s successful adoption
of ICT to both position the economy, but also to address
selected development goals” Toomas Hendrik Ilves, Estonian
Minister of Foreign Affairs, 2001
Be critical!
• Objectivity about achievements/goals
• ‘We can do better’ mentality
External aid
•
Governments can learn a lot from other countries,
including from the mistakes they made. Cooperating with
other countries and participation in
international/regional forums and meetings is of great
importance.
•
When asking for development assistance governments
should
• develop their own ideas/projects because no one knows
their needs better than they themselves
• get involved in the project, without letting outsiders
decide unilaterally
• Have a (financial) stake in the project
• Incorporate ICT element in projects
Thank you
[email protected]