Transcript II Process of the Reform and Opening-up

The Reform and Opening-up
I
Historical Background
II
Process of Reform and Opening-up
III
Effects on China and People’s lives
IV
Significance of Reform and Opening-up
I
Historical Background
• The economy was heavily disrupted by the war against
Japan and the Chinese Civil War from 1937 to 1949,
after which the victorious Communists installed a
planned economy.
• the economy largely stagnated (停滞）and was
disrupted by the Great Leap Forward famine and the
purges of the Cultural Revolution
• Socialist equality had destroyed the incentive to improve
and the economy was riddled with huge inefficiencies
II
Process of the Reform and Openingup
1. 1978–1984
Deng’s first reform began in
agriculture. He responded by
collectivizing agriculture and
emphasizing the Householdresponsibility contract system(家庭
联产承包责任制 ), which divided the
land of the People’s Communes(人
民公社）into private plots. Reforms
were also implemented in urban
industry to increase productivity.
The country was opened to foreign investment for
the first time. Deng created a series of special
economic zones for foreign investment.
2. 1984–1993
During this period, Deng Xiaoping's policies continued
beyond the initial reforms. Controls on private businesses
and government intervention continued to decrease. A
notable development was the decentralization of state
control, leaving local provincial leaders to experiment with
ways to increase economic growth and privatize the state
sector.
He also reopened the Shanghai Stock Exchange closed by
Mao 40 years earlier.
3. 1993–2005
Despite Deng’s death in 1997, reforms continued under his
handpicked successors, Jiang Zemin and Zhu Rongji who
were ardent（热心的） reformers. In 1997 and 1998,
large-scale privatization occurred, in which all state
enterprises, except a few large monopolies, were
liquidated and their assets sold to private investors.
4. 2005–present
The conservative Hu-Wen Administration began to
reverse many of Deng Xiaoping's reforms in 2005.
It increased subsidies and control over the health care
sector, halted privatization, and adopted a loose
monetary policy.
III
Effects on China and People’s lives
1. Effects on China
 Economy
China's economic growth since the reform has been very
rapid, exceeding the East Asian Tigers. Economists
estimate China’s GDP growth from 1978 to 2005 at 9.5%
a year. Since the beginning of Deng Xiaoping's reforms,
China's GDP has risen tenfold. Average wages rose
sixfold between 1978 and 2005, while absolute poverty
declined from 41% of the population to 5% from 1978 to
2001.
 Politics
In practice, the Chinese Communist Party has
summed up the theory of building socialism with
Chinese characteristics. Chinese foreign policy,
oriented toward peaceful development and noninterference in the internal affairs of other countries,
has created a friendly international environment for
China's swift development.
 Culture
Literature and the arts
experienced a great revival in
the late 1970s and 1980s.
Traditional forms flourished
once again, and many new
kinds of literature and cultural
expression were introduced
from abroad.
2.Effects on People’s lives
• Clothes
 Food
 House
 Transportation
70s
watch
80s
TV set refrigerator
90s
air-condition computer
21st
car
bike
house
sewing-machine
washing machine
mobile phone
Exclusive furniture
IV
Significance of the Reform and
Opening-up
• One outstanding achievement is that China's
economic and comprehensive national strengths
have been continuously enhanced and the living
standards and welfare of the people have been
further improved. China is currently the world's
second largest economy in terms of gross domestic
product (GDP).
• Another important change has taken place in
the mindset of the people. Thanks to reform and
opening up, the Chinese people are freer and
more independent. Revolutions in spiritual and
intellectual life have motivate hundreds of
millions of people who devoted themselves with
creativity and enthusiasm to China's socioeconomic development.
Thank you !