Transcript No Slide Title - Spatial Information Systems (Basis)

Introduction to GIS Modeling
Week 10 — Future Directions
GEOG 3110 – University of Denver
Presented by
Joseph K. Berry
W. M. Keck Scholar, Department of Geography, University of Denver
GIS in Transition;
Dominant IT Forces; Dominant GIS Forces;
A Peek at The Bleeding Edge;
Dominant Human Forces
2nd Exam (begins tomorrow)
…can only improve your overall grade (if you blow it, no problem)
…same logistics as the midterm
Exam is available
…from the class website (under Homework Assignments)
(Berry)
Optional Exercise #10 Awaits
Import/Export
Grid Data
Optional Exercise #10
5 extra credit points
Export
Basic Formats
Import
MapCalc to/from Surfer
ESRI GridAscii (.asc)
Surfer Ascii (.grd)
Bare matrix (.dat)
Import/Export
Vector Data
Basic Formats
MapInfo (.tab)
ArcView (.shp)
Dbase (.dbf)
Comma Separated
Variable (.cvs)
MapCalc to/from ArcView
(Berry)
Exercise #9 Excitement
Part 1 – Visualizing Map comparisons
Part 2 – Comparing Discrete Maps
Part 3 – Comparing Continuous Surface Maps
Part 4 – Identifying Unusual Areas
Part 5 – Calculating a Similarity Map
Part 6 – Calculating a Cluster Map
Part 7 – Deriving a Dependent Variable Map
Part 8 – Generating Scatter Plots of Map
Correlation and Univariate Regression Equation
Part 9 – Generating a Multivariate Regression
Equation
Predicted
(Berry)
Spatial Data Mining Process (sales)
The Spatial Data Mining Process first identifies…
Dependent
Map
Variable
Factor
of
Interest
(Sales)
Y
1
X1
X2
X3
X4
1) a map of a factor of interest (sales) and
2) related map variables (demographics) are
acquired, then
3) analyzed to derive a spatial relationship
(regression) that can be used to generate a
4) prediction map (sales) for a different location
or future time.
Spatial dB
Prediction Equation
2
Independent
Map
Variables
Prediction
Map
Ysales = b0 + b1X1 + b2X2 + …
Driving
Factors
3
Derive
Map-ematical
Relationships
4
Evaluate
Derived
Relationships
(Demographics)
(Regression)
(Sales for other Place/Time)
“Data Collection”
“Data Analysis”
“Implementation”
Historical Setting and GIS Evolution
Manual Mapping for 8,000 years
Geotechnology (GPS, GIS, RS)
DIGITAL
ANALOG
Computer Mapping automates the
cartographic process (70s)
Spatial Database Management links
computer mapping techniques with traditional
database capabilities (80s)
Map Analysis representation of relationships
within and among mapped data (90s)
Focus of this course
Multimedia Mapping full integration of GIS,
Internet and visualization technologies (00s)
(Berry)
(Nanotechnology)
Geotechnology
(Biotechnology)
Geotechnology is one of the three "mega technologies" for the 21st century and
promises to forever change how we conceptualize, utilize and visualize
spatial relationships in scientific research and commercial applications (U.S. Department of Labor)
Geographic Information
Systems (map and analyze)
Global Positioning
System (location and navigation)
Remote Sensing
(measure and classify)
GPS/GIS/RS
The Spatial Triad
Focus of this course
Mapping involves
precise placement
(delineation) of
physical features
(graphical inventory)
Where
is
Descriptive
Mapping
Why
What
Prescriptive
Modeling
So What and What If
Modeling involves
analysis of spatial
relationships and
patterns
(numerical analysis)
(Berry)
History/Evolution of Map Analysis
http://www.innovativegis.com/basis/Papers/Other/GISmodelingFramework/
Geotechnology – one of the three “mega-technologies” for the 21st Century
(the other two are Nanotechnology and Biotechnology, U.S. Department of Labor)
Global Positioning System (Location and Navigation)
Remote Sensing (Measure and Classify)
Geographic Information Systems (Map and Analyze)
70s Computer
Mapping (Automated Cartography)
80s Spatial Database Management (Mapping and Geo-query)
90s Map Analysis (Spatial Relationships and Patterns)
Organizational
Spatial Analysis
(Geographical context)
Framework Paper
Structure of
this Course
Reclassify (single map layer; no new spatial information)
Overlay (coincidence of two or more map layers; new spatial information)
Proximity (simple/effective distance and connectivity; new spatial information)
Neighbors (roving window summaries of local vicinity; new spatial information)
Spatial Statistics
(Numerical context)
Surface Modeling (point data to continuous spatial distributions
Spatial Data Mining (interrelationships within and among map layers)
(Berry)
Classes of Spatial Analysis Operators
…all Spatial Analysis involves generating new map values (numbers) as a
mathematical or statistical function of the values on another map layer(s)
—sort of a “map-ematics” for analyzing spatial relationships and patterns—
(Geographic Context)
GIS Toolbox
Reclassify operations involve
reassigning map values to reflect new
information about existing map
features on a single map layer
Overlay operations involve
characterizing the spatial coincidence of
mapped data on two or more map layers
(Berry)
Classes of Spatial Analysis Operators
(Geographic)
…all Spatial Analysis involves generating new map values (numbers) as a
mathematical or statistical function of the values on another map layer(s)
—sort of a “map-ematics” for analyzing spatial relationships and patterns—
(Geographic Context)
GIS Toolbox
Proximity operations involve
measuring distance and connectivity
among map locations
Neighborhood operations involve
characterizing mapped data within
the vicinity of map locations
(Berry)
Classes of Spatial Statistics Operators (Spatial Statistics)
…all Spatial Analysis involves generating new map values (numbers) as a
mathematical or statistical function of the values on another map layer(s)
—sort of a “map-ematics” for analyzing spatial relationships and patterns—
(Numeric Context)
GIS Toolbox
Surface Modeling operations
involve creating continuous spatial
distributions from point sampled data
Spatial Data Mining operations
involve characterizing numerical
patterns and relationships within and
among mapped data
(Berry)
Map Analysis Evolution (4 square summary)
Traditional GIS
Spatial Analysis
Store
Travel-Time
(Surface)
Forest Inventory
Map
• Points, Lines, Polygons
• Cells, Surfaces
• Discrete Objects
• Continuous Geographic Space
• Mapping and Geo-query
• Contextual Spatial Relationships
Traditional Statistics
Spatial Statistics
Spatial
Distribution
(Surface)
Minimum= 5.4 ppm
Maximum= 103.0 ppm
Mean= 22.4 ppm
StDEV= 15.5
• Mean, StDev (Normal Curve)
• Map of Variance (gradient)
• Central Tendency
• Spatial Distribution
• Typical Response (scalar)
• Numerical Spatial Relationships
(Berry)
Dominant IT Forces (three game changers)
 #1 Cloud Computing — Cloud computing is computation, software, data access, and storage services
that do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that delivers the
services
 #2 Crowdsourcing — Crowdsourcing is the act of outsourcing tasks, traditionally performed by an
employee or contractor, to a large group of people or community (a crowd), through an open call.
 #3 Photosynth — Photosynth takes sets of
photos, mashes them together to create a geometrically
stable immersive 3D scene that allows the viewer to explore details of places, objects, and events
(Berry)
#1
Cloud Computing (“Hosted Elsewhere” environment)
+ Lower operational costs, quicker development times and device independence
+ Enables heavy duty data crunching to better process and explore Internet information pools
+ Pay for usage reduces fixed expenses on hardware, software, maintenance and support
Devices
Pros
Buzzwords
“Object-Oriented”
Technology
“Enterprise GIS”
“Geography Network”
Mobile
Old
New
“Grid Computing”
“Interoperability”
“Web Services”
“Mash-ups”
“Distributed Systems”
“Mobile GIS”
“On-Line Office”
Virtualized
Scalable
Service
“3rd Party Integration”
Server
“Software as a Service”
“On-Line Resources
and Storage”
“On-Demand Apps”
Maps and Imagery
Databases
Capabilities
Software
Cons
 Data and processing is at the mercy of the service provider and reliable Internet connection
 Capabilities limited by marketplace demand, standardization and provider incentives
 Security concerns, liability, legal position and data/processing ownership/responsibility
(Berry)
#2
Crowdsourcing for GIS Input
Crowdsourcing is the act of outsourcing tasks, traditionally performed by an employee or
contractor, to a large group of people or community (a crowd), through an open call.
Survey design, implementation and analysis—
“Respondent”
(independent survey samples, 1980s)
— Wikipedia
Crowdsourcing
Internet
Camera
GPS
"Participant”
(group discussions , 1990s)
In-house
Outsourcing
Evolution in developing the Social Science
knowledge base for most applications…
"Participant”
(crowd , 2010s)
…a spatially consistent and interactive
participatory device in every pocket
For example, the public may be invited to develop a new technology, carry out a design task (also known
as “community-based design” and “distributed participatory design”), or help capture, systematize or
analyze large amounts of data (citizen science). The term has become popular with businesses, authors,
and journalists as shorthand for the trend of leveraging mass collaboration enabled by the Internet.
(Berry)
#3
Phytosynth for GIS Input
http://photosynth.net/default.aspx
Photosynth takes sets of photos, mashes
them together to create a geometrically stable
immersive 3D scene that allows the viewer to
explore details of places, objects, and events.
…in a sense, it is analogous to airborne Lidar
as it forms 3-dimensional point clouds that
when rectified yields sub-meter XYZ
positioning within composited image using
standard digital camera photo sets from
multiple angles.
(Berry)
Dominant GIS Forces (three game changers)
 #1 Boutique to Big Box — continued movement of GIS from a “boutique discipline” to increased
mainstream use and subsequent redefinition of What GIS Is and its Industry Leaders
GIS Industry
CAD, dBase and
Visualization Industries
Tomorrow
Today
…etc.
…etc.
 #2 Universal Spatial Key — use of the new referencing system to automatically join all databases by
serving as a “spatially-enabled” Universal Key (Implicit Spatial Topology)
…sort of like a threedimensional UTM grid cell
(1 m2)
 #3 Alternative Geographic Referencing (3D GIS) — our current “rectangular-based”
coordinate system will be replaced by a 3-dimensional coordinate system of columns (X), rows (Y), and verticals (Z)
defining an imaginary matrix of grid elements
(Berry)
#1
Boutique to Big Box
GISystems
— At the birth of the discipline, the “S” unequivocally stood for the hardware, software and
dataware with little or no reference to people or uses
GISpecialists
— The idea that the trailing “S” defines specialists took hold in the 1990s as the result of two
major forces, uniqueness and utility
GIS …four main perspectives of the trailing “S”
Systems
Science
GIS Industry
…etc.
CAD, dBase and
Visualization Industries
Specialist
Solutions
…etc.
GIScience
— recognition of a more in-depth discipline has evolved the “practitioner” role (what does it take
to keep a GIS alive and how can it be used?) into a more “theoretical” role (how does GIS work, how could it be
improved and what else could it do?)
GISolutions
— early GIS solutions focused on mapping and geo-query that primarily automated existing
business practices; the new focus seems to be on entirely new GIS applications from iPhone crowdsourcing to
Google Earth visualizations to advanced map-ematical models predicting wildfire behavior, customer propensity
and optimal routing
(Berry)
#2
Universal Spatial Key (Cartesian coordinate system)
North
Project Area
(Areal Extent)
Earth’s
Surface
Caspian Sea off the coast of Azerbaijan
Height
(Z)
Earth’s
Center
40o N
W
Latitude
(Y)
E
50o E
Longitude
(X)
… intersection with a mathematically inferred
spheroid/ellipsoid/geoid/datum establishes the
Height (Z) from the center of the earth to any point
on the earth’s surface`
S
(Berry)
#2
Universal Spatial Key (grid space as key)
100km, 10km, …1m
UTM gridlines
Entire 3D volume containing the earth is pre-partitioned
into small Grid Elements using basic geometry
equations…
WHERE is WHAT
…that form a complex Address Code (x,y,z) for spatial
reference of any record in a database that can be
used to join any other spatially referenced table–
Spatially-enabled Universal Key
(Berry)
#3
Alternative Geographic Referencing
Tightly Clustered Groupings
Continuous Nested Grid Elements
Hexagonal
Grid
Dodecahedral
Grid
Consistent
(6 facets)
Hexagon
Square Grid
(8 facets)
distances and adjacency
to surrounding grid elements
Inconsistent
distances and adjacency
to surrounding grid elements
Dodecahedral
(12 facets)
Cubic Grid
(26 facets)
(Orthogonal and Diagonal)
Cartesian Coordinate System
Square
Cube
Square
Cube
2D Grid Element
3D Grid Element
(Planimetric)
(Volumetric)
A Peek at the Bleeding Edge (2010 and beyond)
Revisit Analytics
Future Directions
(VI -2020s)
Multimedia Mapping
(IV -2000s)
Revisit Geo-reference
(V -2010s)
Contemporary GIS
Spatial dB Mgt (II -1980s)
GIS Modeling
(III -1990s)
…but those who
live by the Crystal
Ball are bound to
eat ground glass
Evan Vlachos
The Early Years
Mapping focus
Data/Structure focus
Analysis focus
Computer Mapping
(Decade I -1970s)
(Berry)
Revamping Geographic Referencing
1)
Geo-Referencing
…2) data structure
The Cartesian Coordinate System based on rectangular grid
referencing will be replaced by Hexagon and Dodecahedron
(Berry)
Revamping Map Analysis
Geo-referencing and Data Structure
advances will lead to revised/new techniques in…
Map Analysis
Spatial Analysis—
1) recoding of all operations to take advantage of
increased precision/accuracy in the new georeferencing and data structures;
2) incorporate dynamic influences on effective
movement/connectivity (e.g., direction, accumulation,
momentum); and
3) uncertainty and error propagation handing
for all analytical processing.
…emphasis on
Data Accuracy
(vs. Precision)
2)
Data Structure …1) geo-referencing
Traditional 3D GIS (X,Y and Attribute) to 4D GIS (X,Y,Z and
Attribute) and possibly to 5D GIS (X,Y,Z,Time and Attribute)
Spatial Statistics—
1) uncertainty and error propagation handing
for all analytical processing;
2) CART, Induction and Neural Networks
techniques requiring large N will replace traditional
multivariate data analysis; and
3) grid-cell will become the de facto primary key for
database referencing /analysis (vector for mapping).
(Berry)
Dominant Human Forces (three game changers)
 #1 The “-ists” and the “-ologists” — a continuing “Tool” versus “Science”
dichotomy of
perspective of what GIS is and isn’t
The “-ists” focus a GIS specialist’s command of the
tools needed to display, query and process spatial data.
The “-ologists,” focus on users (e.g., ecologists,
sociologists, hydrologists, epidemiologists, etc.) who
understand the science behind the spatial relationships.
 #2 The Softer Side if GIS — the data-centric perspective of the specialists (mapping and geo-query)
dominated the analysis-centric needs of the managers, policy and decision makers (spatial reasoning and modeling)
 #3 Enlarging GIS Education — need to engage applied “domain expertise” in GIS education
through outreach across campus that is as important (and quite possibly more important) than honing technical skills
of core professionals
The “Bookends “ are
currently driving GIS
(Berry)
#1
The “-ists” and the “-ologists”
Together the “-ists” and the “-ologists” frame and develop the Solution for an application.
The
“-ists”
— and —
The
“-ologists”
…understand the “tools” that can
be used to display, query and
analyze spatial data
…understand the “science”
behind spatial relationships that
can be used for decision-making
Data and Information focus
Knowledge and Wisdom focus
Application Space
Geotechnology’s Core
“-ists”
Technology
Experts
Solution
Space
“-ologists”
Domain
Experts
#1
The “-ists” and the “-ologists” (a larger tent)
Decision Makers utilize the Solution under Stakeholder, Policy & Public auspices.
“Policy Makers”
“Stakeholders”
“Decision Makers”
Application Space
Geotechnology’s Core
“-ists”
Technology
Experts
Solution
Space
“-ologists”
Domain
Experts
#2
The Softer Side of GIS
Philosopher’s Progression of Understanding —
 Data (all facts)
 Information (facts within a context)
…GeoExploration emphasizes tools for data access
and visualization (general user)
Mapping focus
Data/Structure and Analysis focus
 Knowledge (interrelationships among relevant facts)
 Wisdom (actionable knowledge)
…GeoScience emphasizes tools for spatial reasoning
and understanding of spatial patterns and relationships
(application specialist)
Prescription
 Increasing Abstraction —
Description
#2
The Softer Side of GIS (within a GIS context)
Judgment
Map Types
Spatial
Processing
Facts
Base
– measured features,
conditions and
characteristics
Collect
– Earth circumference is 24,900 mi
– Britney Spears was born 12/2/1981
– Britney Spears is 25 years old
Philosopher's Levels of
Cognitive Levels of
Understanding
Data
– all facts
– the temperature is 32o F
:
Information
Relevant Facts
– facts within
a context
– the temperature
is 32o F
Knowledge
– interrelationships
among relevant facts
Wisdom
– actionable
knowledge
(fact)
Derived
– inferred conditions
and characteristics
(implied fact)
– direct acquisition of
primary information
(e.g. elevation)
Calculate
– uses algorithms to
derive secondary
information
(e.g., slope)
Perception
Interpreted
– it sure is cold
– it’s not cold
– adjusted to reflect
expertise and
presumption
(Alaskan)
(judgment)
Opinions/Values
Modeled
Simulate
– I hate this weather
– I love this weather
– potential solution
within model logic and
expression
– “what if”
investigation of
alternative scenarios
(Alaskan)
(conjoined judgment)
(multiple perspectives)
(Floridian)
(Floridian)
Calibrate/Weight
– translates information
into relative scales
(preference & importance)
#2
The Softer Side of GIS (the NR experience)
Future Directions:
 Social Acceptability as
3rd
Spatial Reasoning, Dialog and Consensus Building
filter
Historically Ecosystem Sustainability and Economic Viability have
dominated Natural Resources discussion, policy and management.
But Social Acceptability has become the critical third filter
needed for successful decision-making.
Podium
Public Involvement
Banquet Table
Inter-disciplinary Science
Team Table
1970s
Increasing Social Science & Public Involvement
2010s
#3
Enlarging GIS Education (historical evolution)
GIS User Community
#3
Enlarging GIS Education (historical evolution)
The “Bookends “ are
currently driving GIS
Computer
Programmer–
Solutions
Developer–
Systems
Manager–
Data
Provider–
GIS
Specialist–
General
User–
…develops GIS
tools;
…develops
applications
that link GIS to
real-world
problems;
…develops and
maintains
spatial
databases and
connections
within (LAN)
and outside
(Internet) the
organization;
…develops GIS
databases;
…interacts with
other GIS
professionals
and users to
implement
spatial
solutions;
…applies GIS
operations,
techniques,
procedures and
models to
address real
world processes
in support of
decisionmaking;
…mostly
computer
science skills
with some
experience in
GIS
…mostly
GIS/CS
background
with some
discipline
expertise
…CS and GIS
balance
…good skills in
GPS and
Remote
Sensing with
strong skills in
GIS data
formats and
geodetic
referencing
…GIS with
considerable
discipline
expertise
…strong
discipline
expertise with
GIS awareness
Where From Here?
…where will you be in GIS 10 years from now?
(Berry)