Transcript The initiatives for the local development with a bottom – up

SUSTAINABLE REFURBISHMENT, RETROFIT, ENERGY
MANAGEMENT IN HOUSING
The initiatives for the local
development with a bottom –
up approach
[email protected]
IP2013sLIDESlECTUREmb10
Regione Emilia-Romagna
Stato:
Zona:
Capoluogo:
Superficie:
Abitanti:
Densità:
Province:
Comuni:
Italia
Italia nordorientale
Bologna
22.451,29 km²
4.354.455 (30/04/
2009)
193,95 ab./km²
Bologna
Ferrara
Forlì-Cesena
Modena
Parma
Piacenza
Ravenna
Reggio Emilia
Rimini
Elenco dei 348
comuni
Зона:
Северная Италия
Столица:
Площадь:
Население:
Плотность:
Болонья
22 123 км²
4 101 324 чел.
181 чел./км²
Провинции:
Болонья, Феррара,
Форли-Чезена,
Модена, Парма,
Пьяченца, Равенна,
Реджо-Эмилия,
Римини
Коммуны:
Глава:
341
Васко Эррани с 4.4.05
Официальный сайт
Macro Sectors
GDP
% on Regional % on National
GDP
GDP
Agriculture, fishing
and wood
€ 2.642,6
2,05%
1,84%
Industrial sector
€ 30.834,0
23,94%
18,30%
Building
Commercial sector,
hotels,restaurants,
reparing, transport
and
communiucations
Fiunancial
brokerage, property
and real estate
companies
Other services
€ 6.867,6
5,33%
5,41%
€ 24.444,8
18,98%
20,54%
€ 30.830,4
23,94%
24,17%
€ 18.915,3
14,69%
18,97%
TVA and Taxes
€ 14.260,6
11,07%%
10,76%
GDP
€ 128.795,3
Two symbols of
.ER Productions
Parma Bacon
Ferrari Mod. CALIFORNIA
The Return on Equity ( ROE )
Turnover Class
> 50 MillionEuro
10-50 ME
2-10 ME
< 2 ME
FC
9,8
5,0
6,1
1,8
ER
9,3
6,3
3,0
1,9
ITA
8,3
6,6
7,0
3,8
The Return on Equity ( ROE )
Macro Sector
 Agriculture
 Manufacturing
 Building
 Services
FC
0,1%
7,5%
7,6%
7,2%
ER
-1,2%
7,7%
9,5%
4,3%
ITA
-0,2%
6,3%
12,0%
6,0%
Bottom up and Top
Down Entrepreneurial
Districts
To understand the development model of ER and Italy
based on Small and Medium Enterprises ( SMEs) we
have to consider th two main process of
entrepreneurial districts creation :
•The historical one that create ( as it happens mainly in
the nothers regions of Italy ) entrepreneurial
aggregation based on bottom up initiative in an
integrated developemnt involving many dimension of
local systems
•The intervention to establish industrial territorial
concentrations funded on a top down process trigged
by government support and facilities in a planned
perspective ( mainly in south regions )
Models,strategies and organization
attitude
Development strategies
Development models
• Pole theory
Organization attitude
• Concentration
Complex
• Rain system
• Structured
interventions
• Diffusion
Undefined
• Aggregation in a
pattern
Strength
What model to support local system
growth in a top down perspective ?
• Pole theory
• Rain system
• Structured
interventions
•Based on a concentration of
intervention that would produce in
surrounding areas an induced
entrepreneurial initiative
•Deriving from micro or small credits
distributed to many initiatives diffused
in the territory
•Connected to Local Territorial
Agreements among stakeholders and
Territorial Areas on main initiatives to
be undertaken within each own role
Results and lessons from Top Down
Interventions
• Pole theory
•Industrial poles becomed as
cathedrals in the desert without
any induced development
• Rain system
•There was no control on the
employment of resources
distributed among a large
amount of entrepreneurial
activities
• Structured
interventions
•There is a serious difficulty in
individuating local stackeholders
The district economy of Emilia Romagna
EMILIA ROMAGNA
E.R. Balance among sectors
Turnover , employment and activity ratios.
• Agriculture 18 %
• Industry 32 %
• Commerce and
services 35 %
• New economy
business 15 %
IN EMILIA ROMAGNA REGION
by enterprises with
+ 80%
of the employment is
assured
- 30 employees
In Italy : + 75% of employment in enterprises with - 70 employees
Bottom Up Development Modl in Mean
features of Emilia Romagna economy
•High diversified social
structure
•High diversified economic
structure
•High networking activity
What’s the matter with italian S.M.E. and probably
with the mediteranean way to the development ?
• Micro enterprise
•
•
•
•
less than 10 employees
Annual total turnover
Eur 200.000
Assets value Eur 100.000
• Small enterprise
• From 11 to 49 employees
• Annual turnover not
exceeding 1.000.000 Eur
• Assets value ( Tangible )
• 100.000 Eur
• Medium enterprise
– 50-250 employees
– Annual total turnover Eur
– 10.000.000 Assets value
Eur 5.000.000
Regardless of the measure, one result is striking and needs to be emphasized - not only are most enterprises in
Europe small, but they also account for a significant amount of European work experience and economic
activity.For example, in 2003 there were more than 19 million enterprises in Europe-19 (Table 3.1), providing a
job for almost 140 million people. By contrast, there are only about 40 000 large enterprises in existence, which
account for only 0.2 % of all enterprises. So, the vast majority of enterprises in Europe-19 (99.8 %) are SMEs.
Within the group of SMEs, the vast majority (over 90 %) are micro enterprises, employing fewer than 10
persons.
U.S. Statistics 2003
N° firms
All firms
Nonemployer firms
Employer firms
Firms with no employees as of
March 12, but with payroll at some
time during the year
Firms with 1 to 4 employees
Firms with 5 to 9 employees
Firms with 10 to 19 employees
Firms with 20 to 99 employees
Firms with 100 to 499 employees
Firms with 500 employees or more
Firms with 500 to 749 employees
Firms with 750 to 999 employees
Firms with 1,000 to 1,499
employees
Firms with 1,500 to 2,499
employees
Firms with 2,500 employees or
more
Firms with 2,500 to 4,999
employees
Firms with 5,000 to 9,999
employees
Firms with 10,000 employees
or more
establishments
employees
Annual payroll ( x 1000$ )
24,416,241
18,649,114
25,903,859 113,398,043 4,040,888,841
18,649,114
n/a
n/a
5,767,127
7,254,745 113,398,043 4,040,888,841
770,299
772,325
0
38,404,329
2,734,133
1,025,497
620,387
515,056
84,829
16,926
5,678
2,730
2,738,027
1,037,709
655,427
687,107
331,496
1,032,654
66,672
42,137
2,721
57,395
3,312,888
123,432,170
2,246
73,668
4,314,523
167,423,764
3,551
792,782
1,758
107,722
6,057,167
249,655,966
910
115,433
6,389,355
269,455,186
883
569,627
5,768,407
158,836,735
6,732,132
187,418,785
8,329,813
246,561,569
20,186,989
635,269,094
16,430,229
552,003,350
55,950,473 2,222,394,979
3,432,914
121,816,473
2,354,268
84,346,542
42,535,880 1,725,376,030
30,089,358 1,206,264,878
The U.E. Approach
U.E. Policy support a strategy developed in cooperation
with business associations and NGOs whose concrete
application relies mostly on the local level, with local and
regional authorities fully on board. The mission is to
stimulate the interest of young people in entrepreneurship,
to develop their entrepreneurial capacity, to increase the
number of start-ups. Among the areas of action are primary
and secondary education, university education and
improving competence in businesses. Identified priorities
include offering entrepreneurship education to all age
groups, training for teachers, developing cooperation
between schools , universities and enterprises.
The Added Value per Occupied Person
The organizational dimension is strictly connected to the problem of labour
constraints .
Management versus S.M.E.
Traditional theories
S.M.E. are …
• Undercapitalized
• Hardly to change their
work methods
• Oriented to local
market
New Theories
S.M.E. are …
• Supported by family
estate
• Strongly innovative and
flexible
• Easy moving in
globalization flows
Let’s have a look to the directory of a Small and
Medium Enterprises Associations of Forlì (Italy )
*) MAF RODA ITALIA S.P.A. Via
Consolare, 2952 - 47032
BERTINOROProduzione
macchine per la lavorazione della
frutta (18)
*) MAGAZZINI DRUDI Via Guarnieri,
81 - 47023 CESENACommercio
articoli casalinghi e idee regalo
(8)
*) MAR MOBILI ARR.TI RUBICONE
SNCSede Legale: Via Verga, 2 47030 GATTEO Produzione
mobili (22)
*) MGM MONDO DEL VINO S.R.L.
Sede Legale: Via Vassura, 19 47100 FORLI' Import/Export vino
(5)
*) MARTINI COSTRUZIONI
NAUTICHE SRL Sede Legale: Via
Tarcento, 130 - 47020 SAN
GIORGIO DI CESENA Produzione
di natanti da diporto in vetroresina
(24)
*) NALDONI VITTORIO Via Zignola, 2
- 47100 FORLI' Costruzione
apparecchi riscaldamento a gas (17)
*) RAMILLI GIOVANNI & C. S.N.C.
Sede Legale: Via Emilia Ovest, 70 47039 SAVIGNANO SUL R.
Costruzione, riparazione,
installazione e noleggio impianti
irrigazione (8)
( ) N° of employees at 31.12.2003
Basic territorial structures
•High diffusion of small business many of them
individual
•Sturdy link of economic activities with the local culture
supported by numerous cultural enterprises ( fairs,
festivals, cultural heritage and events )
•Support of local municipalities in the development of
territory and entrepreneurship
•University seats spreaded in the territory
•High interconnections with information and
technological networks
•Settlements and industrial areas diffused in the
territory with an especial attention to ecology
EMERGING
CLUSTERS
EXISTING
CLUSTERS
The Results : Emilia Romagna Industrial Clusters
AUTOMATED
MACHINES
• Packaging,
• General use machinery
MOTOR INDUSTRY
• Motorcycles and motobikes
• Automotive industry
ELECTRONICS
• Electric and electronic equipment
FASHION
• Leather and textile fashion production
FOOD INDUSTRY
• Food processing
HEATH AND MEDICAL
RESEARCH
• Biomedical and orthopedic equipment
• Medical research
LOGISTICS
• Infrastructures
• Value-added Services
MULTIMEDIA
• Publishing industry
• Culture and entertainement
The Results : Emilia Romagna Industrial Clusters
Piacenza
Machine
tools
Modena
Reggio Emilia
Agricultural
machinery
Carpi
Textile
Mirandola
Biomedical
equipment and
disposables
Bologna
Packaging
Motorcycles
Fusignano
S.MauroPascoli
Footwear
Parma
Food industry (eg Barilla)
Rimini
Woodworking
machinery
Sassuolo
Castellarano
Ceramic tyles
(world leaders)
Forlì
Furniture
Education and Research Network
La Cattolica University
Ferrara University
PIACENZA
Parma University
PARMA
6,500
RESEARCHERS
AND PROFESSORS
CNR National Research
Council (800 Researchers
and Technicians)
ENEA National Body for New
Technologies, Energy and
Environment (400 Researchers)
FERRARA
REGGIO EMILIA
RAVENNA
MODENA
BOLOGNA
Modena
University
Bologna
University
FORLI’
5 UNIVERSITIES with 130,000 students, 1,369 full professors, 1,717
associated professors, 1,830 researchers
(Bologna University: the oldest of Europe)
RIMINI
Technological Transfer Centres Network
•AS ( Integrated services for)
enterprises
•CENTRO SERVIZI PMI
•Reggio Emilia Innovazione
•COIMEX
•CRPA (Dairy and meat
products)
•LAB. D’IMPRESA (Injection
moulding)
•LEGNO-LEGNO (Wood)
•CRR Consorzio Reggio Ricerche
•SOPRIP
•SSICA (Food processing)
•TETA (Food)
•PARMA TECNINOVA
•CONSORZIO FERRARA INNOVAZIONE
•FERRARA RICERCHE
PIACENZA
PARMA
FERRARA
REGGIO EMILIA
MODENA
POLO CERAMICO Agency
RAVENNA
BOLOGNA
•API SERVIZI
•CITER (Textile)
•CONSOBIOMED (Biomedical)
•DEMOCENTER (Industrial
automation)
•TECNOERA (Textiles and Garments)
•R&S Engineering (Wood processing)
•CRITTdi Spilamberto
•Consorzio Mobile 2000
•CSR Research&Studies
FORLI’
•ARTIFICIO (R&D for Art and Culture)
•CENTRO CERAMICO (Ceramic tyles)
•CERMET (Quality )
•ECIPAR Emilia Romagna
•GEMINI
•ICIE (Cooperatiive Institute for Innovation)
•QUASCO (Building )
•QUASAP (Quality & Service for Public Tenders)
•SCS (Services for Innovation)
•SPINNER Technology Transfer and NTBF
RIMINI
•CENTURIA (Agro-industry and environment )
•CERCAL (Footwear )
•CRPV (Vegetables and fruit products)
•CISE for Innovation & Economic Devolpment
An historical Reference to Local Bottom - Up
Development 12th – 18th Cent.
The original Hanseatic
League was a mercantile
alliance of about 80
trading cities and their
merchant guilds. The
League founded and
governed a trade cartel
amongst cities along the
coast of Northern
Europe and inland trade
routes from the 12th
through the mid-17th
century. Their reach
extended along the
Baltic Sea
A jump to XXI Cent.
The case of European Big Waterways
Elements
Length
(km)
Rhein
1.320
Po
650
Volga
3.660
Drainage
Area (km2)
185.000
74.000
1.380.000
Discharge
(m3/s)
2.200
1.470
8.500
Population
Sea at
Mouth
Ramsar
Sites
50.000.000
17.000.000
61.000.000
North
Mediterranean
Caspian
18
9
2
Governance and operative Management
The strategic and managerial control (Basic organizational chart)
Board of Directors
STRATEGIC
CONTROL
Purposes/Resources
Board of Advisors
Stackeholders
commettee
(Adequacy )
General Manager
Executive Staff
Evaluation Nucleous
MANAGERIAL
CONTROL
Executive
Manager
Results / Purposes
(Efficacy)
Sector
Sector
Results/ Resources
Sector
( Efficiency )
Service Unit
Territory
based
ServceUnits
Service Units
Service Units
Service Units
Service Units
River
based
Levels of Governance
The levels of governance with the evaluation criteria
Big River Basin
Governance Authority
Departmental Unit
(Generally on the basis of
Municipality administrative
borders )
Operational Independent Units
OIU Management
Standardization
DU Management
Program
Governance Unit.
Reciprocal Adjustment
Operative
Middle
Strategic
Short
Medium
Long
The operational units
The departments
The basin
Realization
Orientation
impulse
Efficacy
Efficiency
and Coordination, negotiation
Adequacy
Level
Form
of
Integration
Quality
of
Targets
Timing
dimension
Field
of
competency
Main activity
Main
evaluation
criterion
A general survey on Governance Networking in European Big Waterways.
Different levels of performing structures
What About the Links with the
territory ?
• Regions
•Provinces
•Municipalities
•Prefectures
•Chambers of Commerce
•Associations among local governments
•Public and private enterprises
•Associations of Employiers
•Citizen and customerAssociations
•Local Networks
•………….
Networking What is this ?
Bishkek
Taraz
Universit
y
State
ANKPU
Samarca
nda
Taskent
Universit
y
UIB
Center
Universit
for
y
UstEconomi
Kame
c
no
Researc
Astan
gorog
h (CER)
a
orsk
Shym
kenl
Aklob
e
Simuli
mpres
a
Tempus
UIB
Distanc
e
Learnin
g
Sub
Network
Ministry of
Education
Smile
Guard
Project
Microb
usines
s
KSU
UNIBO
Microb
usines
s
COU
Project
for
Italian
Foreign
Ministry
Affairs
for
SVIMAP
Foreign
Affairs
Lab
Tempus
Brighton
Lab
Italian
Ministry
Republic of
Kazakhstan
Perting
Simuli
mpres
a
Haapaj
Lab
ärvi
Simuli
mpres
a
Microb
usines
s
and Science of
the
SINFOR
M
The Differentiation of Network Links
Links Location around Waterways
From linear approach to focal point action.
How to built a Network ?
Top Down or Bottom Up ?
Clustering Versus Networking
Approach
CLUSTERING : From
the top to the bottom (
Top Down Processes )
NETWORKING : From
Bottom to the Top (
Bottom up Processes)
An Example of bottom up economy :the
Focal Points on Volga River
Moving people and focal points
Micro business and bottom up economy
Poor but effective premises
New perspectives
•Bottom Up economy
• SMES Creation and
improvement
•Involvement of Local
Stakeholders