Transcript Primary Activities - School District of Bloomer

Chapter 8 Livelihood and Economy Primary Activities
• Classification of Economic Activity
• Subsistence Agriculture
• Commercial Agriculture
• Other Primary Activities
• Trade in primary activities
Tea Plantation, Sri Lanka 1
Copyright 2003 by Jon C Malinowski
Classification of Economic Activities & Economics
• Factors –
–
–
–
Physical environment and cultural considerations
Exploit resources dependent upon technology
Political decisions
Quinary Activities
Economic factors of demand
Executive Decision Maker
• Categories of Activity
Quaternary Activities
Info/Research/Management
Tertiary Activities
Retail & Wholesale/Personal & Prof. services
Secondary Activities
Manufacturing/Processing/Construction/Power Production
Primary Activities
Agriculture/Gathering/Extractive Industries
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Types of Economic systems
Subsistence Economy
goods/services for the use of producers/family
Commercial Economy
producers market goods/services,
supply-demand/competition
Planned Economy
government controlled/decided prices
• Very few
people are
members
of only
one type of
economic
system
• Systems subject to change - market/globalization
• Transportation is a key variable
• Isolation restricts the access to outside world (Fig 8.4-237)
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Isolation restricts the access to outside
world (Fig 8.4-237)
• What are the challenges of isolation for a country like
Congo?..For parts of China?
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Primary Activities: Agriculture
• Def. : growing crops and tending livestock, for sale
or subsistence. (Fig 8.5 - growing season)
• Referring back to figure 8.4 (isolation), can we
identify a problem here…?
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Primary Activities: Agriculture
• 11% of the total earth land suitable for crop farming.
• Declining trend in agriculture employment in
developing countries (Fig 8.6 – Agricultural
Employments)
• What factors may explain this trend? Implications? 6
Primary Activities: Agriculture
• Developed World Agric. Employment: <6% in most
of W. Europe, < 3% in the US….Why?
• Agriculture is still the major component of GDP in
developing countries (Fig 8.7 – Agriculture and
GDP,)
-What are the
Implications for
development?
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Agriculture
Given the arable land and climate patterns of the earth, we should be able to
feed approximately 12 Billion people. World agriculture produces 17 percent
more calories per person today than it did 30 years ago, despite a 70 percent
population increase. This is enough to provide everyone in the world with at
least 2,720 kilocalories (kcal) per person per day
• Paradox…Why do so many people go hungry?
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Agriculture
The Paradox: Identify reasons for hunger.
Rice paddies in China
http://www.confluence.org/cn/all/n26e115/pic2.jpg
•
Food Security and Global Warming
Food Security in a Hungry World
Hunger Games: The price of feeding the world
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Subsistence Agriculture
• Involves nearly total self-sufficiency on the part of its
members. No exchange (or minimal, if any). food for
themselves only.
• Two types
– Extensive:
• large areas of land and minimal labor input per unit area.
Production and pop density is low.
– Intensive:
• cultivation of small landholdings through the expenditure of
great amounts of labor per unit area. Production and pop
density are both high.
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Subsistence Agriculture
(Figure 8.8 Subsistence Agriculture Areas)
Note the paradox once again…Arable land, long growing
season…subsistence activities.
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Subsistence Agriculture
Extensive or intensive?
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Extensive Subsistence Agriculture
• Nomadic herding (Figure 8.8 – Subsistence agriculture) - wandering and
controlled movement of livestock dependent on natural forage - the most
extensive type of land use system…Why?
• Sheep, goat, and camels are most common (WHY) and others such as
cattle, horses and yaks are important too.
• Nothing is wasted - Animal provides milk, cheese, meat for food; hair,
wool and skins for clothing; skin for shelter and excrement for fuel.
• Nomadic herding is declining. Social/economic/culture changes are
causing nomadic groups to alter their ways of life or disappear entirely.
• Mongolia's Nomads
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Extensive Subsistence Agriculture
• Shifting cultivation - rotating fields once soils lose fertility.
– Slash-and-Burn (or Shifting Cultivation)
– No knowledge of soil chemistry, fertilizing, or irrigation, once the soil
become infertile, they move to another parcel of land, clear the
vegetation, turn the soil and try again. 150 to 200 million people in
Africa, Middle America, tropical South America and parts of
Southeast Asia.
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Shifting cultivation/Slash-burn
Extensive subsistence…Why?
• Slash-and-burn : process of preparing low fertility soils for planting.
Burning adds minerals to the soils, typically in low population areas
• After burning, crops such as maize (corn) millet (cereal grain), rice, manioc,
yam, and sugarcane are planted .
• Slash and Burn Video Alternative Practices??
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Intertillage:
practice of mixing different seeds and seedlings in the same swidden…
Intensive or Extensive?
• reduce the risk of
disasters from crop
failure
• Increase the nutritional
balance of the local diet.
• Prevent loss of soil
moisture.
• Control of soil erosion
R:Rice
G:Groundnut
M:Maize
Y:Yam
WY:White yam
AP:Air potato
V:Bamara groundnut
Cu:Melon
Pp:Pumpkin
L:Gourds
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Slash and Burn/Swidden Agriculture
• Low pop. density much land is needed to support few
people
• Shifting Cultivation is founded on the islands of Kalimantan
(Borneo), New Guinea, and Sumatra in Indonesia. Now only in
uplands of SE Asia in Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar and
Philippines, Nearly the whole of Central and West Africa away
from the coasts, Amazon basin, and large portions of Central
America
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Slash and Burn/Swidden Agriculture
• Boserup thesis (p.241)
Pop. increases necessitate increased inputs of labor and
technology to compensate for reductions in the natural yields of
swidden farming. The pop. increase forces an increased use of
tech in farming, shifting societies from extensive to intensive
subsistence agriculture.
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Intensive Subsistence Systems
• Half of the people of the world engaged in this activity
• Exchange of farm commodities
• Requires large inputs of labor,
small plots and high reliance
on fertilizers.
• Plant grain, fruit, vegetables,
and raise animals…Swine, ducks
and chickens are main meat.
Cattle used for labor and to produce fertilizers.
• Mostly in densely populated, monsoon Asia. Warm
and moist river valleys and
deltas.
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Intensive Subsistence Systems
• Planting rice shoots by hand in standing fresh water is a tedious art
Hand Planting Rice
Rice provides 60% - 80% calories to over 2.8 billion pop.
• Cooler/ drier Asia - wheat and millet
is planted.
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Intensive Subsistence Systems
• Water management is crucial to the rice production
– Rice Landscape - levees, reservoirs, canals, drainage channels, and
terraces to extend level land to valley slopes
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Urban Subsistence Farming
• Provides 1/7 of the worlds food production - mostly in
Asia, engaged in small garden plots, backyard livestock
breeding and raising fish in ponds and streams.
• In parts of the developing world, this
has reduced the incidence of adult and
child malnutrition in cities. Many rely
on this as sole income.
• Advantages- convert waste from problem to resource.
Disadvantage - diseases, water
pollution, etc.
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Away from subsistence
The Green Revolution
The Power of Place: Small Farms,
Big Cities
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Origin of Green Revolution
• Started in 1960s, Philippine researchers crossed a Chinese rice with
Indonesian variety and produced IR8 rice with bigger head of grain
and stronger stem. In 1982, they produced IR36, the most widely
grown crop on Earth
– IR36-mixed from 13 parents genetic resistance against 15 pests and
growing cycle of 110 days which makes three crops per year possible.
– Charting of genome is ongoing, it will eventually increase the
production and develop the resistance to diseases and pests
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Origin of Green Revolution
• Green Revolution - trends in food production 1961-1999. Saving
an estimated one billion people from starvation. Increased calories
per person, pop with adequate food in developing countries
jumped from 55% to 80%.
• How do we explain Africa?..
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Green Revolution
• Disadvantages??
– Water: irrigation destroyed large tracts of land, groundwater
depletion, water wars,
– loss of traditional/subsistence farming, food production aimed at
export is more profitable, rural society destroyed, reduced variety
of crops, rural pop moved to urban
• Not all areas benefited from Green Revolution–reasons?
(belated research effort, lack of investment (Africa) great range
of growing conditions)
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Green Revolution (Disadvantages)
• “Genetic Erosion”
– Loss of genetic diversity of crop varieties , fewer than 100
species provide most of the world’s food supply.
• Is there a danger here?
– Crop diversity and food security
• Loss of domestic food availability:
– dependency on imported food…
– vulnerable to currency exchange rates and inflation
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Commercial Agriculture
• The free market and Production Control
– short supply should command an increased market price
– governments control prices either too high or too low.
–farm economy distorted while low food price is enforced
– aimed at reducing imports and /or subsidizing nationals
–crop or livestock mix selected by commercial farmers reflects an
assessment of market demands and prices…decisions guided by profit
motive…not necessarily by what will feed the most people.
– involves intensive land use near markets and extensive land use at
more distant locations.
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von Thunen’s model (8.14)
• intensity of land use, higher priced/more perishable goods are
produced in land closer to the city. High shipping and high
demand commodities found in inner rings.
• “A portion of each crop is eaten by the wheels” - observed by
von Thunen, distance between market and production site is
the most important determination of the location
• Transport gradients (8.15) - crops with highest transport cost
and market values will be grown nearest to the market.
•Transportation cost
determines what and where
we produce
• Industrial and post-industrial
economy, land use is less
predictable…Why?
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Von Thünen Model
• Von Thünen Model
– What farmers produce
varies by distance from the
town, with livestock raising
farthest from town.
– Cost of transportation
governs use of land.
– First effort to analyze the
spatial character of
economic activity.
Von Thünen Model
Application of Von Thünen Model
• Geographer Lee Liu studied the spatial pattern of agriculture
production in China.
Found:
- farmers living in a village farm both lands close to the village
and far away intensively but with different methods…?
- methods varied spatially – resulting in land improvement (by
adding organic material) close to village and land degradation
(lots of pesticides and fewer conservation tactics) farther from
village.
Intensive Commercial Agriculture
• Characterized by high yields per unit of cultivated land
• Large amount of input - justified by fruits, vegetable and
dairy products. Truck Farm produces wide range of
vegetable and fruits with refrigerated trucks and custom
packaging. (distribution of truck farm 8.17)
• Livestock-grain farming - growing grain for livestock
feed. corn and livestock at same farm reducing
transportation cost. Livestock price higher than feed,
farmer convert their corn into meat on the farm by feeding
it to the livestock. In W. Europe, ¾ cropland is for
livestock grain farm. However, the value of its products
per unit is less than that of the truck farm. They are farther
from the main markets than are horticultural and dairy
farms.
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Extensive Commercial Agriculture
• Farmland values decline westward with increasing distance
from the northeastern market of the US, but not increasing
while near west coast. Climate and environmental
considerations (increasing aridity and mountain ranges..) (8.18)
• Large-scale wheat farming - requires large amount capital input.
Spring wheat (Dakotas, e Montana, S Canada) winter wheat
(Kansas..) Argentina in S hemisphere. Wheat is the most grain
production in the world (8.20)
• Livestock ranching - oriented to the urban market of
industrialized countries. Confined to areas of European
settlement., Caused destruction of tropical rain forests in
Central America and the Amazon basin due to expanded cattle
ranching. (in land with low quality, low pop density, and
require low labor)
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Special Crops - mostly due to climate factor
• Mediterranean agriculture - grapes, olives, oranges,
figs, vegetables and similar commodities - needs
warm temp. all year round plus summer sunshine.
Summer drought and winter rain, irrigation system is
needed. (8.21)
• Plantation Crops - foreign to the areas (8.22)
– tea in India and Sri Lanka, jute in India and
Bangladesh, rubber in Malaysia and Indonesia, cacao
in Ghana and Nigeria, can sugar in Cuba...., coffee in
Brazil and Colombia, banana in central America.
– Most plantation in coastal area, easy for export.
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Primary Activities: Resource Exploitation
• Gathering industries - fishing and forestry
• Extractive industries - mining and quarrying
• Renewable resources - materials can be consumed
and then replenished quickly by natural or by humanassisted processes. such as forest, fish, grasslands, and
animals. Maximum sustainable yield - max. rate of
use that will not impair its ability to be renewed or to
maintain the same future productivity. If exceeded,
renewable will become nonrenewable.
• Nonrenewable resources - exist in finite amount and
are not replaced by natural processes.
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Fishing - provide 19% of all animal protein in the human
diet (5% in all protein)
• steady fish harvest increase (8.26) except in 1998 (El Nino)
• 99% fish are from coastal wetlands, estuaries,and continental shelf.
1% from open sea. Commercial capture fishing for market only in
northern hemisphere, tropical fish do not school and contain higher
oil content, only for local use (fig 8.27 annual fish harvests – El nino,
1993, 1998 and Chinese over-reporting)
• Overfishing - due to the accepted view of “open seas” (fig 8.28)
• Tragedy of the Commons - a open resource without collective
controls being exploited to the max. (Japanese Whaling?)
• Aquaculture - farm ponds, catfish and crayfish ponds in SE US (Sea
Aquaculture)
• Mariculture - coastal lagoon
• 30% of worlds’ fish harvest from aquaculture and mariculture
production.
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Amazon Clear-cut
(http://news.mongabay.com/2008/0831-brazil.html)
• Roundwood production – 45% for industrial consumption and 55% for
fuelwood and charcoal. Developing countries
rely on fuelwood and charcoal resulting in the
serious depletion of tropical forest stands. In
tropical areas, deforestation rates exceeds
reforestation by 10 to 15 times.
– since 1970s, 25 to 30 million acres of tropical
forestland have been converted to agricultural
land and in S and Central America additional
millions of acres been cleared for beef cattle for
the N American market (8.31)
– Half of roundwood production (for industrial
markets) are from US,Canada and Russia and
less than 20% from developing countries due to
the transportation cost, explained by von
Thunen’s model.
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The End of Cheap Oil
• Oil reserve - 1020 gbo (gigga-barrels of oil) 25 gbo/yr
consumption, but with 2% increase of consumption, it
won’t last 40 yrs. …..New discoveries - 7 gbo/yr
• US gasoline price http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publicati
ons/wrgp/mogas_home_page.html
• http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/prices.html
• Americans consumed 19 million barrels/day=2.9
g/p/d=1000 g/person/yr, production=2.6 bbls in 2000.
Reserves can only last 5 years if without import.
• Gulf of Mexico holds 15 bb of oil, high cost required to
exploit.
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Oil discoveries and Production
1960
2000
Discoveries
Production
1860
2100
data source: Scientific American, March 1998
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Evolution of gasoline price
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