Transcript Messico 2 Tipologie e Nuovi Scenari

Varieties and New Scenarios
Dott. Luciano Consolati
part two
•
Types
•
Critical mass
•
Life cycle
Dott. Luciano Consolati – 09.2005 - Mexico
How to identify a cluster
Identifying clusters 1
Economic indicators in a large area
• Activity rate
• Number of companies in manufacturing
• Rate of activities in manufacturing
• Rate of independent local processing units in the manufacturing
industry
• Rate of employed personnel in manufacturing in local units with
less than 50 employees
• Percentage of property owned homes
• Rate of demographic growth
Dott. Luciano Consolati – 09.2005 - Mexico
• Rate of independent local processing units
Identifying clusters 2
Local Production System Indicators
• High level of specialisation in production
• Rate of specialisation and plant location (see part 3)
• Prevalence of small enterprises and absence of big ones
• High turnover rate amongst workers
• High company turnover
• Extensive and articulated social association and unbroken
processes of social mobility
• Complex system of productive interdependence between
enterprises
Dott. Luciano Consolati – 09.2005 - Mexico
• High level of professionalism in workforce
Identifying clusters 3
Indicators for the identification of local productive
systems in a specific area (enterprise/employees)
• Productive specialisation indicators (rate of employed versus the total of
the manufacturing sector), absolute and relative export rates
• Comparison of sectorial specialisation and the working population in the
area (this emphasises the importance sectorial specialisation has on the
local economy)
Dott. Luciano Consolati – 09.2005 - Mexico
• Rate of employed in the area, compared to the regional rate in the sector
of specialisation
• Location quotient (comparison between the rate of employed in the sector
of specialisation and the corresponding rate at a regional level)
• Rate of employed in local units with less than 100 employees, in the sector
of specialisation (indicator of the presence of a multiplicity of enterprises
in the area)
Le tipologie distrettuali
Distinctive Structural Features
Embryonic
Evolving
Well established
Repositioning
Size and number of
enterprises
Small and micro
handicraft
enterprises
Significant number of micro
and small enterprises.
Growth of new enterprises
Enterprises, micro, small
and medium enterprises
(achievement of a critical
mass)
Fall of marginal
enterprises
Relations between
enterprises
Horizontal
competition
Horizontal competition and
starting off of subcontracting
processes
Extended and articulate
sub contracting and local
horizontal network
qualitative + quantitative
towards
internationalisation.
Process technology
Low level and
coming form outside
Medium with a higher control
High level of local
learning by-interacting
High technological level
Degree of innovation
Poor
Scarcely growing
Constant growth
Radical innovation
Diversification and
differentiation level
None
Marginal
Correlated to product
market
Correlated but articulate
diversification
Work market
Cost
Formal informal
Formale stabile
Higher quality
Types of competitive
advantages
Informal\ formal
Costs and specialised
economies
Costs and growing
innovation
Innovation and learning
Market outlets
Local
Local/regional
National/exports start off
International
Presence of available
financial resources
Poor/ self financing
Poor/ self financing
Available
Available for projects
Local banks
None
Few and isolated
Numerous
Numerous but
concentrated
Relations with institutions
Few and essential
More intense but still more
logistic and technical aspects
Constant and in addition
to logistics also for
development
Continuous for system
projects
Level and role of
associationism
None
Birth of groups and/or
associations
Consolidating system of
associations
Strong role of
associations
Services for production
None
Insufficient demand at local
level
Presence of local
services
Strong growth of
contribution to enterprises
Institutional \ System
Dott. Luciano Consolati – 09.2005 - Mexico
Types of clusters
Agglomeration
Emerging
cluster
Growing
cluster
Mature
cluster
Transformation
Dott. Luciano Consolati – 09.2005 - Mexico
Life cycle of a cluster
Life Cycle
Downturn
Sales unit
Rate of
growth of
GDP
Take off
Development
rate < 0
Rate of
demographic
growth
Profits
Developmen
t
Growth
Selective
elimination
Market Development Rate
poor
Great
high
Fluctuation in development
rate
modest
Rapid
growth
Rapid
decrease
Number of segments
Few
some
some
Technological variation in
the product drawing
Great
great
moderate
weak
Technological variation in
the process drawing
weak
Modest
weak
Very great
Great
moderate
Res. &
Dev.
engineering
production
More emphatical functional
interest
saturation
saturation
decline
fossilisation
Equal to
GDP
Equal to
demographic
growth
negative
From poor to
non existant
Gradual
decrease
debole
Rapid
decrease, than
slow, than it
can gradually
grow
weak
few
few
weak
weak
weak
Weak
weak
weak
finance
marketing
+ finance
From few to lots
marketing
distribution finance
Dott. Luciano Consolati – 09.2005 - Mexico
Level
maturity
Identity of a cluster
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
Data:
- Number of enterprises, type, employees
- Urban location, non-urban etc.
- Cluster specialisation
- Rate of specialisation activity on the referred area
- Rate of specialisation activity on the national sum total
- export % and relative rates
Types: embryonic, evolving, etc.
Life story: birth, growth, etc.
Presence of Meta organisations
Competetive advantages: relations between enterprises,
competition, etc.
Threats: local and international competition
Strategies in progress
Dott. Luciano Consolati – 09.2005 - Mexico
Carta d’identità di un distretto
Competitivity in clusters, some obvious
facts
- 50% > 200 enterprises
- With 30% > 600
- 50% < di 5.000 employees
- 30% > 20.000 employees
- Critical Mass Competitivity
- 15.000 employees> Competitivity
Decisive factors:
- Environmental factors: human resources, capital,
co- operative resources
- Level of demand: local needs that anticipate global needs
- Level of interaction\ integration other sectors : evaluation of
process from beginning to end
- Level of cluster competition : directly linked to the cluster
- Other factors
Dott. Luciano Consolati – 09.2005 - Mexico
Size: