Transcript IRAN - Duluth High School

IRAN
Iran
• Capital: Tehran
• 634,562 square miles
• 4,000 feet above sea
level
• Population: 67 million
• Major language: Persian
• Religious affiliation
– Shi’a Muslim 89%
– Sunni Muslim 10%
• Known as Persia until
1935
Impact of the Past
• Irrigation made
civilization possible
– Disrupted waterworks
had devastating
consequences
• Target of conquest
– Natural crossroad
Impact of the Past
• Indo-Europeans 15th
century b.c.e
• Cyrus and Darius
– 6th century b.c.e.
• Greeks under
Alexander
• Arab-Islamic in 7th
cent. c.e.
• Turkish tribes in 11th
c.e.
Impact of the Past
• Iran, formerly known
as Persia
• “the sleep of nations”
– Far behind the west
– Views this as an
adversity
• If and how Iran will
move into modernity
is one of the major
questions?
The Arab Conquest
• Islam means
“submission to God’s
will”
• Islam arrived by the
sword
• Most Zoroastrianism,
old religion, fled to
India
The Arab Conquest
• Islam taught all
Muslims were equal
• Persia adopted Arabic
script
– Arabs copied Persian
architecture and civil
administration
• Under Persian
Control for 6 centuries
The Arab Conquest
• 1055: Turks
• Mongols and Genghis
Khan
– The Mongol “World
Conqueror”
– Arrived in 1219
– Embraced Islam
The Arab Conquest
“We may be conquered, but the
conqueror always ends up
adopting our superior culture
and becomes one of us.”
The Arab Conquest
• Safavids in 1501
boosted development
of a Iranian identity
– Switched from Sunni
Islam to Shia Islam
– Attack allowed them to
consolidate control
and develop Islam with
Persian
Characteristics
Islam:
Sunni and Shi’ite (Shi’ia)
• Split happened over the question of who was
eligible to succeed Prophet Muhammad
• Shi’ites: believe that legitimate rulership of the
entire Islamic world could decend only through
the heirs of the Prophet Muhammad
• Shi’ites have a belief in the “hidden Imam” and
he will return at the end of time and restore just
and order
• Shi’ites: all secular authority is ultimately
illegitimate
Islam:
Sunni and Shi’ite (Shi’ia)
• Shi’ism:
– Remains critical of monarchs and less sully
reconciled with political order for its own sake
– Extend a provisional legitimacy to rulers who let
Islamic institutions flourish unmolested
– Clergy is standing in for the hidden Imam
– Hold a role like the priesthood in premodern Europe
– Religious function is separate from the state
– Clerics are most hostile towards power holders and
enjoyed more independence
– Enjoyed strong institutional base
Islam:
Sunni and Shi’ite (Shi’ia)
• Self organized, informal hierarchies that rested
only on the esteem in which religious scholars
held one another
• Secure income from the voluntary religious tax
• Refused to make peace with secular authorities
• Religion and politics flows into one another:
comprehensive Islamic society
• Untainted by the prevailing injustice
• No sense that some spheres of life lay outside of
religion
Western Penetration
• Western cultural, economic, and colonial
penetration
• 1722: Afghan invaders end Safavid rule
• British and Russia dominance in Persia
– Semi-colonial status: political and economic
dependent on imperial designs
– 1890 treaty by British= a monopoly over
tobacco sales
Western Penetration
• Western ideals of government- Christian
Missionaries
• 1906-1907 Constitutional Revolution
– Est. 1st constitution
– 1st elected parliament: Majlis
– Two forces:
• liberals who hated the monarchy/wanted western institutions,
Muslim clerics who wanted a stronger role for Islam
• Same combination will bring down the Shah in 1979
• Two have turned against each other over the future of Iran
Western Penetration
• Corrupt and weak monarchies led to democratic
constitutions
• New Shah in 1907 shuts down Majlis
– Flees to Russia under protest
– Returns in 1911 but is forced back
• 1907 Anglo-Russian Treaty cut Persia in two
– Russia in the North/Britain in South
• WWI turns into a zone of contention and chaos
The First Pahlavi
• 1925: Reza Khan
seizes power
– Crowned as Shah
– Dynasty lasted from
1925-1979 (Pahlavi)
– Told the World “call us
by our real name: Iran”
– Nazi connection
The First Pahlavi
• Wanted to modernize
his country
– Molded an Iranian army
– European civil service
– National bank
• Replaced tradition and
Islamic courts
– Civil courts
– Under western codes of
justice
• 1935 founded Iran’s 1st
Western Style
university
• Economy grew
– State supervision
– Oil revenues
Reza Khan
The First Pahlavi
• Encouraged countrymen to adopt western
dress
– Asked women to stop wearing the veil
• Kept press and Majlis obedient
• Troublemakers died in jail
• Reza Shah was a classic modernizing
tyrant
The First Pahlavi
• WWII Iran was to strategic to leave alone
– Major oil producer
– Conduit for U.S. supplies to desperate Russia
– Again Russia in the North and British in the
south
• Both agreed to clear out 6 months post war
• Reza shah titled support to Germany in 1941
• Reza Shah was exiled to South Africa and later
died in 1944
• Reza Shah turn control over to his Son:
Mohammed Reza Pahlavi
The First Pahlavi
• WWII continued
– Americans and British left in Iran in 1945
– Soviets did not leave (mark the start of the Cold War)
• Stalin claimed ethnic groups in the north had right to merge
with the Azeris of north Iran
• Refused to leave
• Set up Communist Azeri and Jurdish govt. in the north
• 1946: President Truman delivered some harsh words, Iran’s
PM promised Stalin an oil deal, Stalin withdraws
• Majlis concealed the deal
The Last Pahlavi
• 20th century was
determined by Oil
– Who should own and
profit from Iran’s oil
reserves?
• Oil deposits
discovered in 1908
– Under British
concession
– Anglo-Persian
(Iranian) Oil Company
The Last Pahlavi
• Persia received little from oil deal
– Persians hated the rich foreign company
– Especially an oil company who wrote their
own rules
– 1932 Reza Shah ended the lopsided
concession
• Forced the AIOC to pay higher royalties
The Last Pahlavi
• AIOC:
– 1950’s Iranians rallied
around Prime Minster
Muhammad
Mossadegh
– Nationalized the AIOC
• Shah Muhammad
Reza Pahlavi flees
the country in 1953
The Last Pahlavi
• British urged
Washington to do
something
– US had the CIA
destabilize the Tehran
government
• With $1million dollars
Kermit Roosevelt hires
a mob
• Mossadegh was out
• Shah was restored
• U.S. wins cold war
battle
The Last Pahlavi
• Shah Muhammad Reza
– Modernizing tyrant
– “White Revolution” from
above
– Excellent relations with
United States
– Shah was U.S. pillar of
stability in the Persian Gulf
– U.S. was source of
• Money, technology, and
military hardware
– Iranian students came to
U.S.
– American Businessmen
surged into Iran
The Last Pahlavi
• U.S. was too close the shah; supported by us
• Shah was
– Western-educated, Anit-communist, involved in rapid
modernization
– Iranian unrest went unnoticed
• Under Nixon: sold them arms
– Iran and Shah = two different things
– Backing of the Shah alienated Iranians
– Ignored how the Shah ruled:
• Ruled by dreaded secret police: SAVAK
• Tyrant was a tyrant
– Worried about communism in north ignored the possible
revolution from within
The Last Pahlavi
• Revenue from oil:
– 1963-64: $555 million
– 1975-76: $20 Billion
• Government Revenue
– 1948 = 11%
– 1960 = 41%
– 1974-75 = 84%
• 45% of GDP and 89% of foreign export receipts
• GDP grew from 8% to 30%
• GNP grew from $17.3 billion to est. $54.6 billion
– Highest GNP in the “Third World”
The Last Pahlavi
• Rentier state: a state that derives a
substantial portion of revenue on a regular
basis from payments by foreign concerns
in the form of rent
• Rentier economy: heavily supported by
state expenditure while the state itself
continuously receives rent from abroad.
The Last Pahlavi
• State no longer had to rely on agriculture
• Fast paced modernization process
– Transformed Iranian economy from one
based agriculture to one-product economy
based on oil
– Adopted substitution industrialization
• Capital-intensive industries
• Neglect small scale production and agriculture
sector
The Last Pahlavi
• No attempt to create a dynamic and open
political system
• Slogan “Plenty of administration and no politics”
– Created the Rastakhiz (Resurgence) Party
• 1975: Mass party
• Entire Iranian population and encouraged everyone to join
– Closed to opposition:
• Subjected to harassment, imprisonment, and torture
– Failed to realize the deprivation in terms of political
participation
• Caused the gradual erosion of the bonds linking
state and civil society
The Last Pahlavi
• What ended Shah rule
– Too much money
– 1973 boosted oil prices and took over oil
extraction from foreign companies
– Shah leading mover of OPEC
– Oil prices quadrupled
– Oil Revenues went for the “greater glory” of
Iran and its army: not the people
– OIL LED TO TURMOIL
The Last Pahlavi
• New wealth caused great disruption
• Shah promoted education
– Saw Shah for what he was a tyrant
• Corruption grew/people turned to the Mosque
• Shah undermined the traditional culture values
of Islam
–
–
–
–
Seized land from religious foundations
Influx of American culture: alcohol and sex
Military expenditures was a waste of money
Economic growth hastens revolution
The Last Pahlavi
• Ayatollah Khomeini:
– Criticized the Shah
– Exiled to Iraq in 1964
– Forced to leave Iraq in
1978
– Live in Paris suburb
• Recorded messages that
were telephoned to
cassette recorders in Iran
• Bypassed Shahs control of
the media
– Helped bring him down
The Last Pahlavi
• Things come to a head in
1970’s
• Shah had made Iran a Debtor
nation
• Jimmy Carter makes human
rights a foreign policy goal
• Shah dictatorship comes under
U.S. criticism
• 1977 Carter and Shah had to
retreat into White House
• 1978 Shah facing huge
demonstrations and dying of
cancer
• Shah mat “the king is trapped”
th
6 ,
January
1979 the last
Phalavi left Iran: Shah Mat