Transcript Chapter 24: The Government & Fiscal Policy

CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
PowerPoint Lectures for
Principles of Economics,
9e
; ;
By
Karl E. Case,
Ray C. Fair &
Sharon M. Oster
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
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PART V THE CORE OF MACROECONOMIC THEORY
24
The Government
and Fiscal Policy
Prepared by:
Fernando & Yvonn Quijano
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
PART V THE CORE OF MACROECONOMIC THEORY
The Government
and Fiscal Policy
24
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Government in the Economy
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Government Purchases (G), Net Taxes (T),
and Disposable income (Yd)
The Determination of Equilibrium Output
(Income)
Fiscal Policy at Work: Multiplier Effects
The Government Spending Multiplier
The Tax Multiplier
The Balanced-Budget Multiplier
The Federal Budget
The Budget in 2007
Fiscal Policy Since 1993: The Clinton and
Bush Administrations
The Federal Government Debt
The Economy’s Influence on the
Government Budget
Tax Revenues Depend on the State of the
Economy
Some Government Expenditures Depend on the
State of the Economy
Automatic Stabilizers
Fiscal Drag
Full-Employment Budget
Looking Ahead
Appendix A: Deriving the Fiscal Policy
Multipliers
Appendix B: The Case in Which Tax Revenues
Depend on Income
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The Government and Fiscal Policy
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
fiscal policy The government’s spending and
taxing policies.
monetary policy The behavior of the Federal
Reserve concerning the nation’s money supply.
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
The behavior of the Federal Reserve concerning the nation’s
money supply is called:
a.
Discretionary fiscal policy.
b.
Automatic fiscal policy.
c.
Budgetary policy.
d.
Monetary policy.
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
The behavior of the Federal Reserve concerning the nation’s
money supply is called:
a.
Discretionary fiscal policy.
b.
Automatic fiscal policy.
c.
Budgetary policy.
d. Monetary policy.
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Government in the Economy
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
discretionary fiscal policy Changes in taxes or
spending that are the result of deliberate changes
in government policy.
Government Purchases (G), Net Taxes (T), and Disposable
Income (Yd)
net taxes (T) Taxes paid by firms and households
to the government minus transfer payments made
to households by the government.
disposable, or after-tax, income (Yd) Total
income minus net taxes: Y - T.
disposable income ≡ total income − net taxes
Yd ≡ Y − T
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Over which of the following categories does the government have
more control?
a.
Tax revenue.
b.
Government expenditures.
c.
Tax rates.
d.
The size of corporate profits.
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Over which of the following categories does the government have
more control?
a.
Tax revenue.
b.
Government expenditures.
c.
Tax rates.
d.
The size of corporate profits.
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Government in the Economy
Government Purchases (G), Net Taxes (T), and Disposable
Income (Yd)
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
 FIGURE 24.1 Adding Net
Taxes (T) and Government
Purchases (G) to the
Circular Flow of Income
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Select the best answer. Households use their disposable income
(Yd) to do the following:
a.
Consume.
b.
Consume and save.
c.
Consume, save, and pay taxes.
d.
Consume, save, pay taxes, and buy imports.
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Select the best answer. Households use their disposable income
(Yd) to do the following:
a.
Consume.
b. Consume and save.
c.
Consume, save, and pay taxes.
d.
Consume, save, pay taxes, and buy imports.
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Government in the Economy
Government Purchases (G), Net Taxes (T), and Disposable
Income (Yd)
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
When government enters the picture, the
aggregate income identity gets cut into three
pieces:
Yd  Y  T
Yd  C  S
Y  T  C S
Y  C S  T
And aggregate expenditure (AE) equals:
AE  C  I  G
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Government in the Economy
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Government Purchases (G), Net Taxes (T), and Disposable
Income (Yd)
budget deficit The difference between what a
government spends and what it collects in taxes in
a given period: G - T.
budget deficit ≡ G − T
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Government in the Economy
Government Purchases (G), Net Taxes (T), and Disposable
Income (Yd)
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Adding Taxes to the Consumption Function
To modify our aggregate consumption function to
incorporate disposable income instead of beforetax income, instead of C = a + bY, we write
C = a + bYd
or
C = a + b(Y − T)
Our consumption function now has consumption
depending on disposable income instead of
before-tax income.
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
When government enters the circular flow of income, which of the
following is an expression for planned aggregate expenditure?
a.
Y−T
b.
C+S+T
c.
C+I+G
d.
G–T
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
When government enters the circular flow of income, which of the
following is an expression for planned aggregate expenditure?
a.
Y−T
b.
C+S+T
c.
C+I+G
d.
G–T
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Government in the Economy
Government Purchases (G), Net Taxes (T), and Disposable
Income (Yd)
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Planned Investment
The government can affect investment behavior
through its tax treatment of depreciation and other
tax policies.
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Government in the Economy
The Determination of Equilibrium Output (Income)
Y=C+I+G
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
TABLE 24.1 Finding Equilibrium for I = 100, G = 100, and T = 100
(1)
Output
(Income)
Y
300
500
700
900
1,100
1,300
1,500
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Net
Disposable
Consumption
Saving
Taxes
Income
Spending
S
T
Yd / Y  T (C = 100 + .75 Yd) (Yd – C)
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
250
400
550
700
850
1,000
1,150
 50
0
50
100
150
200
250
(6)
(7)
Planned
Investment Government
Spending
Purchases
I
G
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
(8)
(9)
(10)
Planned
Aggregate
Expenditure
C+I+G
Unplanned
Inventory
Change
Y  (C + I + G)
Adjustment
to Disequilibrium
450
600
750
900
1,050
1,200
1,350
 150
 100
 50
0
+ 50
+ 100
+ 150
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Output8
Output8
Output8
Equilibrium
Output9
Output9
Output9
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Government in the Economy
The Determination of Equilibrium Output (Income)
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
 FIGURE 24.2 Finding Equilibrium
Output/Income Graphically
Because G and I are both fixed
at 100, the aggregate
expenditure function is the new
consumption function displaced
upward by I + G = 200.
Equilibrium occurs at Y = C + I +
G = 900.
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Government in the Economy
The Determination of Equilibrium Output (Income)
The Saving/Investment Approach to Equilibrium
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
saving/investment approach to equilibrium:
S+T=I+G
To derive this, we know that in equilibrium,
aggregate output (income) (Y) equals planned
aggregate expenditure (AE). By definition, AE
equals C + I + G; and by definition, Y equals
C + S + T. Therefore, at equilibrium
C+S+T=C+I+G
Subtracting C from both sides leaves:
S+T=I+G
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
In the circular flow that includes households, firms, and
government, which of the following expressions is the
leakages/injections approach to equilibrium?
a.
Y = C + I + G.
b.
C + S = I + G.
c.
Y = a + bT + I + G.
d.
S + T = I + G.
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
In the circular flow that includes households, firms, and
government, which of the following expressions is the
leakages/injections approach to equilibrium?
a.
Y = C + I + G.
b.
C + S = I + G.
c.
Y = a + bT + I + G.
d.
S + T = I + G.
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Fiscal Policy at Work: Multiplier Effects
At this point, we are assuming that the government
controls G and T. In this section, we will review
three multipliers:
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Government spending multiplier
Tax multiplier
Balanced-budget multiplier
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Fiscal Policy at Work: Multiplier Effects
The Government Spending Multiplier
government spending multiplier 
1
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
MPS
government spending multiplier The ratio of the
change in the equilibrium level of output to a
change in government spending.
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Fiscal Policy at Work: Multiplier Effects
The Government Spending Multiplier
TABLE 24.2 Finding Equilibrium After a Government Spending Increase of 50 (G Has
Increased from 100 in Table 24.1 to 150 Here)
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
(1)
Output
(Income)
Y
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Net
Disposable Consumption
Saving
Taxes
Income
Spending
S
T
Yd / Y  T (C = 100 + .75 Yd) (Yd – C)
(6)
(7)
Planned
Investment Government
Spending
Purchases
I
G
(8)
(9)
(10)
Planned
Unplanned
Aggregate
Inventory
Adjustment
Expenditure
Change
To
C + I + G Y  (C + I + G) Disequilibrium
300
100
200
250
 50
100
150
500
 200
Output8
500
100
400
400
0
100
150
650
 150
Output8
700
100
600
550
50
100
150
800
 100
Output8
900
100
800
700
100
100
150
950
 50
Output8
1,100
100
1,000
850
150
100
150
1,100
0
1,300
100
1,200
1,000
200
100
150
1,250
+ 50
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Equilibrium
Output9
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
How much of an increase in government spending would be
required to generate a $200 billion increase in the equilibrium
level of output?
a.
An amount less than $200 billion in government spending.
b.
An amount greater than $200 billion in government spending.
c.
Exactly $200 billion in government spending.
d. None of the above. Equilibrium output does not change with
changes in government spending.
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
How much of an increase in government spending would be
required to generate a $200 billion increase in the equilibrium
level of output?
a.
An amount less than $200 billion in government
spending.
b. An amount greater than $200 billion in government spending.
c.
Exactly $200 billion in government spending.
d. None of the above. Equilibrium output does not change with
changes in government spending.
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Fiscal Policy at Work: Multiplier Effects
The Government Spending Multiplier
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
 FIGURE 24.3 The Government
Spending Multiplier
Increasing government spending by
50 shifts the AE function up by 50.
As Y rises in response, additional
consumption is generated.
Overall, the equilibrium level of Y
increases by 200, from 900 to
1,100.
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Fiscal Policy at Work: Multiplier Effects
The Tax Multiplier
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
tax multiplier The ratio of change in the
equilibrium level of output to a change in taxes.
 1 
 Y  (initial increase in aggregate expenditure)  

 MPS 
1 
MPC 


Y  (  T  MPC )  
  T  

 MPS 
 MPS 
tax multiplier  
 
MPC
MPS
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Which of the following formulas shows the impact of a change in
taxes on equilibrium income?
a.
Y = a + b(Y – T) + I + G
b.
Y = 1/(1 – b) * (a – bT + I + G)
c.
S+T=I+G
d.
– ∆T * (b/1 – b)
e.
C+S=I+G
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Which of the following formulas shows the impact of a change in
taxes on equilibrium income?
a.
Y = a + b(Y – T) + I + G
b.
Y = 1/(1 – b) * (a – bT + I + G)
c.
S+T=I+G
d. – ∆T * (b/1 – b)
e.
C+S=I+G
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Fiscal Policy at Work: Multiplier Effects
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
The Balanced-Budget Multiplier
balanced-budget multiplier The ratio of change
in the equilibrium level of output to a change in
government spending where the change in
government spending is balanced by a change in
taxes so as not to create any deficit. The
balanced-budget multiplier is equal to 1: The
change in Y resulting from the change in G and
the equal change in T are exactly the same size as
the initial change in G or T.
balanced-budget multiplier  1
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Fiscal Policy at Work: Multiplier Effects
The Balanced-Budget Multiplier
TABLE 24.3 Finding Equilibrium After a Balanced-Budget Increase in G and T of 200 Each
(Both G and T Have Increased from 100 in Table 24.1 to 300 Here)
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
(1)
Output
(Income)
Y
(2)
(3)
(4)
Net
Disposable
Consumption
Taxes
Income
Spending
T
Yd / Y  T (C = 100 + .75 Yd)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
Planned
Investment
Spending
I
Government
Purchases
G
Planned
Aggregate
Expenditure
C+I+G
Unplanned
Inventory
Change
Y  (C + I + G)
Adjustment
To
Disequilibrium
500
300
200
250
100
300
650
 150
Output8
700
300
400
400
100
300
800
 100
Output8
900
300
600
550
100
300
950
 50
Output8
1,100
300
800
700
100
300
1,100
0
1,300
300
1,000
850
100
300
1,250
+ 50
Output9
1,500
300
1,200
1,000
100
300
1,400
+ 100
Output9
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Equilibrium
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
What happens when there is a simultaneous increase in
government spending of $100 and a lump-sum tax of $100?
a.
Equilibrium income would increase by $100, or the amount of
increase in G.
b.
Equilibrium income would decrease by $100, or the amount
of increase in T.
c.
Equilibrium income would decrease by $200, or double the
amount of the increase in T.
d.
Nothing happens. Equilibrium income remains the same
because the amount of government spending (G) is
compensated by the amount of taxation (T).
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
What happens when there is a simultaneous increase in
government spending of $100 and a lump-sum tax of $100?
a.
Equilibrium income would increase by $100, or the
amount of increase in G.
b.
Equilibrium income would decrease by $100, or the amount
of increase in T.
c.
Equilibrium income would decrease by $200, or double the
amount of the increase in T.
d.
Nothing happens. Equilibrium income remains the same
because the amount of government spending (G) is
compensated by the amount of taxation (T).
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Fiscal Policy at Work: Multiplier Effects
The Balanced-Budget Multiplier
TABLE 24.4 Summary of Fiscal Policy Multipliers
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Policy Stimulus
Multiplier
Government
spending
multiplier
Increase or decrease in the
level of government
purchases: ∆G
1
MPS
Tax multiplier
Increase or decrease in the
level of net taxes: ∆T
 MPC
MPS
Balanced-budget
multiplier
Simultaneous balanced-budget
increase or decrease in the
level of government purchases
and net taxes: ∆G = ∆T
Final Impact On
Equilibrium Y
G 
T 
1
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1
MPS
 MPC
MPS
G
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The Federal Budget
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
federal budget The budget of the federal
government.
The “budget” is really three different budgets.
First, it is a political document that dispenses
favors to certain groups or regions and places
burdens on others.
Second, it is a reflection of goals the government
wants to achieve.
Third, the budget may be an embodiment of some
beliefs about how (if at all) the government should
manage the macroeconomy.
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The Federal Budget
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
The Budget in 2007
TABLE 24.5 Federal Government Receipts and Expenditures, 2007 (Billions of Dollars)
Amount
Percentage Of Total
Receipts
Personal income taxes
1,162.1
43.5
Excise taxes and customs duties
99.9
3.7
Corporate income taxes
380.8
14.3
Taxes from the rest of the world
13.4
0.5
Contributions for social insurance
953.0
35.7
Interest receipts and rents and royalties
25.1
0.9
Current transfer receipts from business and persons
39.4
1.5
Current surplus of government enterprises
− 2.3
− 0.0
Total
2,671.4
100.0
Current Expenditures
Consumption expenditures
856.0
29.6
Transfer payments to persons
1,270.7
43.9
Transfer payments to the rest of the world
38.6
1.3
Grants-in-aid to state and local governments
377.5
13.1
Interest payments
302.4
10.5
Subsidies
46.7
1.6
Total
2,892.0
100.0
Net federal government saving—surplus (+) or deficit (−)
− 220.6
(Total current receipts − Total current expenditures)
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.
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The Federal Budget
The Budget in 2007
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
federal surplus (+) or deficit () Federal
government receipts minus expenditures.
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The Federal Budget
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Fiscal Policy Since 1993: The Clinton and Bush Administrations
 FIGURE 24.4 Federal Personal Income Taxes as a Percentage of Taxable Income, 1993 I–2007 IV
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The Federal Budget
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Fiscal Policy Since 1993: The Clinton and Bush Administrations
 FIGURE 24.5 Federal Government Consumption Expenditures as a Percentage of GDP and
Federal Transfer Payments and Grants-in-Aid as a Percentage of GDP, 1993 I–2007 IV
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The Federal Budget
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Fiscal Policy Since 1993: The Clinton and Bush Administrations
 FIGURE 24.6 The Federal Government Surplus (+) or Deficit (–) as a Percentage of GDP,
1993 I–2007 IV
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
The federal budget can be conceived as:
a.
A political document that dispenses favors to some groups
and places burdens on others.
b.
A reflection of goals the government wants to achieve.
c.
An embodiment of some beliefs about how (if at all) the
government should manage the macroeconomy.
d.
All of the above.
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
The federal budget can be conceived as:
a.
A political document that dispenses favors to some groups
and places burdens on others.
b.
A reflection of goals the government wants to achieve.
c.
An embodiment of some beliefs about how (if at all) the
government should manage the macroeconomy.
d. All of the above.
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The Federal Budget
The Federal Government Debt
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
federal debt The total amount owed by the
federal government.
privately held federal debt The privately held
(non-government-owned) debt of the U.S.
government.
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The Federal Budget
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
The Federal Government Debt
 FIGURE 24.7 The Federal Government Debt as a Percentage of GDP, 1993 I–2007 IV
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The Economy’s Influence on the Government Budget
Tax Revenues Depend on the State of the Economy
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Tax revenue, on the other hand, depends on
taxable income, and income depends on the state
of the economy, which the government does not
completely control.
Some Government Expenditures Depend on the State of the
Economy
Transfer payments tend to go down automatically
during an expansion.
Inflation often picks up when the economy is
expanding. This can lead the government to spend
more than it had planned to spend.
Any change in the interest rate changes
government interest payments.
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
After a large deficit buildup in the in the 1980s, the federal
government deficit:
a.
Continued to worsen steadily throughout the 1990s and into
the 2000s.
b.
Turned into a surplus during the two Clinton administrations.
c.
Was vastly diminished during the G.W. Bush administration.
d.
Was an even larger deficit, as a percent of GDP, in 2003 than
it was in 1983.
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
After a large deficit buildup in the in the 1980s, the federal
government deficit:
a.
Continued to worsen steadily throughout the 1990s and into
the 2000s.
b. Turned into a surplus during the two Clinton
administrations.
c.
Was vastly diminished during the G.W. Bush administration.
d.
Was an even larger deficit, as a percent of GDP, in 2003 than
it was in 1983.
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The Economy’s Influence on the Government Budget
Some Government Expenditures Depend on the State of the
Economy
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Fiscal Policy In 2008
Congress Approves
Economic-Stimulus Bill
Wall Street Journal
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The Economy’s Influence on the Government Budget
Automatic Stabilizers
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
automatic stabilizers Revenue and expenditure
items in the federal budget that automatically
change with the state of the economy in such a
way as to stabilize GDP.
Fiscal Drag
fiscal drag The negative effect on the economy
that occurs when average tax rates increase
because taxpayers have moved into higher
income brackets during an expansion.
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Which of the following statements is correct about the
government’s control over its budget?
a.
The government has complete control over the revenue side
of the budget, but not complete control over the expenditure
side.
b. The government has complete control over the expenditure
side of the budget, but not complete control over the revenue
side.
c.
The government does not have complete control of either the
revenue side or the expenditure side of the budget.
d. The size of the government budget, and whether it is in
surplus or deficit, is controlled entirely by Congress, not by
the economy.
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Which of the following statements is correct about the
government’s control over its budget?
a.
The government has complete control over the revenue side
of the budget, but not complete control over the expenditure
side.
b. The government has complete control over the expenditure
side of the budget, but not complete control over the revenue
side.
c.
The government does not have complete control of
either the revenue side or the expenditure side of the
budget.
d.
The size of the government budget, and whether it is in
surplus or deficit, is controlled entirely by Congress, not by
the economy.
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The Economy’s Influence on the Government Budget
Full-Employment Budget
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
full-employment budget What the federal
budget would be if the economy were producing at
the full-employment level of output.
structural deficit The deficit that remains at full
employment.
cyclical deficit The deficit that occurs because of
a downturn in the business cycle.
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
When the economy reaches full employment, the budget deficit is:
a.
A combination of cyclical and structural deficits.
b.
Zero.
c.
Equal to the cyclical deficit.
d. Equal to the structural deficit.
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
When the economy reaches full employment, the budget deficit is:
a.
A combination of cyclical and structural deficits.
b.
Zero.
c.
Equal to the cyclical deficit.
d. Equal to the structural deficit.
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CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
REVIEW TERMS AND CONCEPTS
automatic stabilizers
balanced-budget multiplier
budget deficit
cyclical deficit
discretionary fiscal policy
disposable, or after-tax,
income (Yd)
federal budget
federal debt
federal surplus (+) or deficit (−)
fiscal drag
fiscal policy
full-employment budget
government spending
multiplier
monetary policy
net taxes (T)
privately held federal debt
structural deficit
tax multiplier
1. Disposable income Yd ≡ Y − T
2. AE ≡ C + I + G
3. Government budget deficit ≡ G − T
4. Equilibrium in an economy with
government: Y = C + I + G
5. Saving/investment approach to
equilibrium in an economy with
government: S + T = I + G
1
6. Government spending multiplier ≡
MPS
 MPC 

 MPS 
7. Tax multiplier ≡  
8. Balanced-budget multiplier ≡ 1
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APPENDIX A
DERIVING THE FISCAL POLICY MULTIPLIERS
THE GOVERNMENT SPENDING AND TAX MULTIPLIERS
C  a  b(Y  T )
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Y  C I  G
Y  a  b(Y  T )  I  G
Y  a  bY  bT  I  G
Y  bY  a  I  G  bT
Y (1  b)  a  I  G  bT
1
Y 
(a  I  G  bT )
1  b
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APPENDIX A
DERIVING THE FISCAL POLICY MULTIPLIERS
THE BALANCED-BUDGET MULTIPLIER
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
The balanced-budget multiplier is found by
combining the effects of government spending and
taxes:
increase in spending:
- decrease in spending:
= net increase in spending
G
C  T ( MPC )
G  T ( MPC )
In a balanced-budget increase, ΔG = ΔT; so we can
substitute:
net initial increase in spending:
ΔG − ΔG (MPC) = ΔG (1 − MPC)
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APPENDIX A
DERIVING THE FISCAL POLICY MULTIPLIERS
THE BALANCED-BUDGET MULTIPLIER
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Because MPS = (1 − MPC), the net initial increase
in spending is:
ΔG (MPS)
 1 
We can now apply the expenditure multiplier 

MPS


to this net initial increase in spending:
 1 
Y  G ( MPS ) 
  G
 MPS 
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APPENDIX B
THE CASE IN WHICH TAX REVENUES DEPEND ON INCOME
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
 FIGURE 24B.1 The Tax Function
Yd  Y  T
Yd  Y  (200  1 / 3Y )
Yd  Y  200  1 / 3Y
C  100  .75Yd
C  100  .75(Y  200  1 / 3Y )
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APPENDIX B
THE CASE IN WHICH TAX REVENUES DEPEND ON INCOME
Y  C  I G
Y  100  .75(Y  200  1/ 3Y )  100  100
I
G
C
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
Y  100  .75Y  150  .25Y  100  100
Y  450  .5Y
.5Y  450
 FIGURE 24B.2 Different Tax
Systems
When taxes are strictly lump-sum (T =
100) and do not depend on income,
the aggregate expenditure function is
steeper than when taxes depend on
income.
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APPENDIX B
THE CASE IN WHICH TAX REVENUES DEPEND ON INCOME
THE GOVERNMENT SPENDING AND TAX MULTIPLIERS ALGEBRAICALLY
C  a  b(Y  T )
CHAPTER 24 The Government and Fiscal Policy
C  a  b(Y  T0  tY )
C  a  bY  bT0  btY
Y  a  bY  bT  btY  I  G
0
C
1
Y
(a  I  G  bT0 )
1  b  bt
1
1  b  bt
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