Transcript CHAPTER 25
CHAPTER 25 India Taj Mahal, Agra, India Section 1: Natural Environments Section 2: History and Culture Section 3: India Today 1 Section 1 Natural Environments Objectives: What are the major landform regions and rivers of India? Which climate types and resources does India have? 3 SECTION 1 Natural Environments Landform Regions and Rivers of India Himalayas—mountainous, forests, farms, Kanchenjunga, Kashmir Valley, source of Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers Gangetic Plain—lowland, northeastern India, farming, rich alluvial soil, Ganges River Deccan Plateau—old and eroded; volcanic; farming with irrigation; Eastern and Western Ghats; Narmada, Godavari, and Krishna Rivers 4 Section 1 Natural Environments Climates and resources: six climate types—tropical humid, tropical wet and dry, arid, semiarid, humid subtropical, highland monsoon—strong influence on climate key resources—soils and rivers minerals—coal, iron ore, bauxite, oil, uranium 5 •India’s M o n s o o n s climate is dominated by monsoons •Monsoons blow from the land toward the sea in winter. • Monsoons blow from the sea toward land in the summer •India’s winters are hot and dry. •Himalayas form a barrier that prevents cold air from passing onto the subcontinent •The temperature reaches as high as 110oF during the Indian winter •The summer monsoons roar onto the subcontinent from the southwest bringing heavy rains from June to September •Farmers depend on the rains to irrigate their land. •India generates electricity from the water provided by the monsoon rains 6 Section 2 History and Culture Objectives: What were the major events and empires of India’s early history? How did European contract affect India? What religions are practiced in India? What are some other features of India’s culture? 8 SECTION 2 History and Culture Aryan civilizati on Harappan civilizatio n Muslim invasion Mauryan Gupta Empire Empire 300 B.C. 1500 500 B.C. B.C. 0 Mughal Empire Muslim Timur kingdo invades. m Ghandi assassinat ed Independen ce Sepoy Rebellio n A..D.400 A.D. B.C. 1000 Europea n trade 500 1100 1000 1300 1200 1500 1700 1900 1490 1857 1400 1600 1800 2000 1398 1520 1947 1948 Section 2 History and Culture European influence: Traders arrived in 1490s—first Portuguese, then Dutch, French, and British. Britain defeated France and controlled India. British built infrastructure; taught English; influenced education, law, and government. Britain partitioned India at independence. 10 11 Section 2 History and Culture Indian religions: Hinduism—the main faith, followed by around 80 percent of the population Islam—largest minority religion, 11–14 percent of the population, mainly in the north Christianity—some 20 million followers Buddhism—originally from India, now followed by less than 1 percent of the population Sikhism—combines Muslim and Hindu beliefs Jainism—strict moral code based on preserving life 12 Section 2 History and Culture Culture: many ethnic groups—Aryan descendants, Dravidians, others more than 1,000 languages and dialects—Hindi is national language; English is widely used typical clothing for hot weather—sari, choli, lungi, turbans (Sikhs) food—curry made of many spices; variety based on climate, crops, regions festivals—many holidays, including Holi, Pongal 13 Ganges starts in Himalayas Great waterway in India Depended on for drinking water and fish Irrigate crops Trade and transportation route In Rome Statue representing 4 great rivers 1 is of the river-god Ganges Built in 1612 In India Hinduism’s holy river Called the “Mother Ganges” or goddess Ganga Section 3 India Today Objectives: What are the main features of India’s economy? How does life in India’s villages compare to life in its cities? What challenges does India face today? 22 Section 3 India Today India’s economy India’s economy is highly varied, ranging from subsistence farming to high technology. 23 SECTION 3 India Today Agriculture • basis of economy • 25 percent of GDP • 50 percent of land area • rice, wheat, tea, sugarcane, sorghum, peanuts, sesame seeds, mangoes • small farms • depend on monsoon • Green Revolution Cottage industries • work in the home • employs millions of people, particularly women • silk fabrics, wooden statues, silver and gold lace, other handicrafts India’s Economy Commercial manufacturing High-tech businesses • concentrated in Bangalore • workers part of growing middle class • textiles leading export • jute • steel mills • durable goods such as diesel engines and cars 24 Section 3 India Today India’s economy—Agriculture Farming is the key—25 percent of GDP, more than half of the land area. major crops—rice, wheat, tea, sugarcane, sorghum Many farms are small. moving toward food-grain selfsufficiency 25 Section 3 India Today India’s economy—Industry ranks tenth in industrial production many cottage industries—weaving, crafts large-scale production—textiles, jute products, steel high-tech computer industry in Bangalore 26 Section 3 India Today Comparing village and city life: Most Indians live in villages, but cities are growing rapidly. Villages are small, with few services; cities are enormous, with smog, noise, and congestion. Many city-dwellers live modern, middleclass lives; villagers live a more traditional lifestyle. Most people in villages and cities are poor, 28 though urban poor live in giant slums. Section 3 India Today Challenges: population growth and related problems—poverty, health, education environmental damages—water, forests, wildlife tensions with Pakistan (Kashmir, water) and China (borders) ethnic conflicts—Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs 30