Transcript Comparisons in Health status

Comparisons in Health status
Chapter 12
Developed Countries (Industrialised
countries)
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Well developed industry, mining or agriculture
sectors and therefore enjoy a healthy
economy based on trade
 Gross domestic product (GDP) the total
value of goods and services produced by a
country in a year
 As a result of good economy, developed
countries usually have established healthcare
and education systems and experience a
longer life expectancy as well as higher
literacy and immunisation rates.
Developing Countries
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Generally have a lower GDP
Less access to technology, poor industry and limited trade
arrangements
Their infrastructure is poorly developed and their business and
finance systems are weak
Tend to be characterised by higher rates of poverty caused by
debt, colonisation and international trade arrangements and
may be further impoverished through the effects of war, conflict or
natural disaster.
Developing countries usually have limited healthcare facilities,
low literacy rates, and little in social security systems.
They tend to have short life expectancy, high morbidity and low
literacy and immunisation rates.
Activity: Similarities and Differences
Developing Countries
Developed Countries
Activity: Complete handout
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Characteristics of Industrialised and
Developing countries (Pg 9 VHETTA)
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Go through “Useful comparisons”
handout.
World Health Organisation (WHO)
Regions
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1.
2.
3.
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WHO have grouped countries into six regions,
which are based on geographical location and
therefore each region may include both developing
and developed countries.
The regions are:
Western Pacific (e.g. Australia, NZ, Indonesia,
PNG)
African Region (e.g. Kenya, Ethiopia, Zambia)
Eastern Mediterranean (e.g. Canada, USA, Brazil,
Ecuador)
European Region (e.g. Britain, Germany, Hungry)
South-East Asia Region (e.g. India, Pakistan,
Thailand)
WHO – Three Categories
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There are many different levels of
developing countries
WHO uses the following three
categories to differentiate between
countries in each region:
High mortality developing countries
Low mortality developing countries
Developing countries
WHO Strata’s
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Five mortality strata on the basis of their level
of child and adult mortality
A = Very low child mortality, very low adult
mortality
B = Low child mortality, low adult mortality
C = Low child mortality, high adult mortality
D = High child mortality, high adult mortality
E = High child mortality, very high adult
mortality
WHO Strata’s
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Countries classified as strata level A can be
considered developed while those in strata D
or E can be considered developing
 It’s more difficult to label the countries in strata
B or C as they have low mortality but still face
a number of barriers to their health status and
economic development.
 Pg 305 – 306 map and table
Activity: Mapping and Atlas!
On one world map colour in the countries
from each region the same colour
 On the second world map colour
examples of countries from each strata
in the same colour
 Activity 11.1 page 384 (Achieving HHD)
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The influence of Debt, Colonialism
and trade
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Debt: International debt has become a major
concern
 Began in the 1970’s and 1980’s when large
loans were made to poor nations by other
countries and financial institutions such as the
World Bank
 The developing countries were encouraged to
borrow the funds in order to build infrastructure
such as transport systems and to grow crops
for export so that their economics would
improve
Debt
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However, many countries made poor use of
the loans, using them to purchase weapons
and erect extravagant buildings rather than the
intended purpose
 They weren’t able to earn enough money to
repay their debts so further loans were needed
to cover the interest incurred on the previous
loans and thus the debts continued to grow
 To many developing countries now spend
more money on repaying debts rather than on
essential services
Debt
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These financial burdens on those least able to
afford them have become a focus of concern
for a number of organisations and even
individuals around the globe (e.g. the World
Bank has granted more time to repay the
loans)
 They have also placed conditions on new
loans to ensure the borrowing countries use
the money to provide education, helathcare
and other services.
Colonialism
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The colonisers, who include (at different times
and in different areas) Britin, Spain, Portugal,
Holland and France, exploited raw materials
and resources of the colonies in order to
support the development of their own trade
and industries.
 Typically in the regions occupied gold and
other minerals were mined, cash crops such
as tobacco and coffee were planted and the
local population was used as a source of
cheap labour.
Colonialism
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Before colonisation a large proportion of the
countries were self sufficient
 When the Europeans arrived the local
populations were largely forced to work for the
new masters or to grow cash crops for low
wages in order to pay taxes that had been
introduced
 Food shortages developed due to the land
becoming unavailable for its previous use and
fewer farmers were unable to grow their own
food as they were forced to find paid work
Colonialism
As a result many families left the country
and moved to the cities and towns in
search of work.
 Food supplies were uncertain, conditions
were crowded and unsanitary and
disease were rife. (smallpox)
 Many previously colonised countries
have regained their independence (East
Timor is an example)
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Trade
Many developing countries are
dependent on exports for income
 It is often the wealthier nations who
benefit most from trade arrangements
 With only a small range of agricultural or
mineral products for export, developing
countries are vulnerable to the global
market and price fluctuations
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Trade
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If only a small number of countries want to buy
their product then the buyer will control the
prices
 Poor weather or disease affecting crops may
force countries to sell at an even lower price in
order to earn money they need to repay debt
 Other factors limiting their participation in the
world market are trade restrictions and taxes
placed on imported processed foods.
Activity: Internet
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Activity 12.2 Make poverty history pg 308
of textbook