Transcript Development

DEVELOPMENT
AND
Economic geography
RESOURCES
What are the kinds of resources
available?
Natural Resources
 Renewable
resources will
replace themselves over time.
Soil, water, and forests
Nonrenewable resources
 Will
not replace themselves. Once
they are used, they are gone.
 Fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural
gas), and metals (gold, iron,
copper, and bauxite)
Human Resources
 Human
resources are man and
his mind, and they depend on:
 Level
of education
 Is labor skilled or unskilled?
 Are entrepreneurial or
managerial abilities needed?
Capital Resources
 Resources
that can be used to make
more, like money or tools
 the
availability of money for lending
 the level of infrastructure,
 the availability and use of tools,
machines, and technologies
What are the effects of unequal
distribution of resources?
 1.
Causes countries to specialize in
the goods and services they produce.
 2. Interdependence of nations -- they
must trade with each other to acquire
the goods they do not possess
 3. Uneven economic development
(rich and poor countries)
The effects of unequal distribution
of resources cont.
 4.
Energy producers and consumers
 5. Imperialism (one country
dominating another)
 6. Conflicts over control of resources
How is development measured?

Gross Domestic Product Per Capita
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aka GDP per capita
value of goods and services produced within a
country within a given year
Other similar measures include
 GNP (broader value),
 PPP (purchasing power parity) which considers
what money actually buys in each country
Usually calculated in US dollars to allow comparisons
between countries
Two other ways of Measuring
Development
Gross National Product
(GNP)
Gross National Income
(GNI)
Measure of the total value of
the officially recorded goods
and services produced by the
citizens and corporations of a
country in a given year.
Includes things produced
inside and outside a country’s
territory.
Measure of the monetary worth
of what is produced within a
country plus income received
from investments outside the
country. Now also includes
remittances.
** Most common
measurement used today.
Issues with Measuring
Economic Development

All measurements count the:
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Formal Economy – the legal economy that
governments tax and monitor.
All measurements do not count the:

Informal Economy – the illegal or uncounted
economy that governments do not tax or
keep track of.
Measuring Development

Gross Domestic Product per Capita
High human development
35000
Medium human development
6000
Low human development
358
Gross Domestic Product
High Human Development
United
States
Canada
France
49,000
41,100
35,600
Denmark Lichtenstein
37,600
143,900
Gross Domestic Product
Medium Human Development
Turkey
Peru
India
China
Kazakhstan
14,700
10,200
3,700
8,500
13,200
Gross Domestic Product
Low Human Development
Nigeria
Rwanda
Togo
Mali
Afghanistan
2,600
1,400
900
1,100
1,000
Other Measures of Development
--Unemployment
 The number of people who (in a given
year) were not working but were available
for work and had taken steps to seek
work.
 In some circumstances where employment
opportunities are particularly limited in a
country, the last criteria ("had taken steps
to seek work") may be relaxed.
Other Measures of Development
Telephone Lines
 Number of subscriber lines (business and
residential) plus public telephones per 100
inhabitants.
Other Measures of Development
Undernourished people
The percentage of the population whose
food intake falls below the minimum
requirement needed to meet dietary
energy requirements on a regular
Other Measures of Development
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Televisions
Number of persons per television set
Water Resources per Capita
Average amount of water that is available
per person from rivers and groundwater
each year.
Differences in
Communications
Connectivity
Around the
World
Dependency Ratio 2008
What does development look like?
Less Developed
Developed
Per capita incomes are low, and capital is Per capita incomes are high and capital is
scarce.
readily available.
Wealth is unevenly distributed within
individual countries, e.g., Colombia, 2.6%
Wealth is comparatively evenly
of population owns 40% of the national
distributed, e.g., Canada, 10% of
wealth.
population owns 24% of national wealth.
Primary industries dominate national Manufacturing and service industries
economies.
dominate national economies.
High proportion of population engaged in Farming is commercial, efficient, and
subsistance agriculture.
mechanized.
What does development look like?
Less Developed
Developed
Populations are rural; but cities are
growing rapidly.
Populations urban, cities growing slowly.
Birth and death rates are high and life
Birth and death rates are low and life
expectancy is low. There tends to be a expectancy is high. High proportion of
high proportion of children.
people over 60 years old.
Inadequate or unbalanced diets resulting
from a low consumption of protein; Adequate supplies of food and balanced
hunger and malnutrition common.
diets; overeating sometimes a problem.
Diseases, especially infectious and
parasitic diseases, common. Health care Low incidence of disease; good medical
poor.
services available.
What does development look
like?
Less Developed
Developed
Overcrowding, poor housing, few public
services, bad sanitation--poor social
conditions.
Social conditions generally good.
Poor educational facilities, high levels of Education opportunities excellent, high
illiteracy--low levels of scientific and
literacy, advanced science and
technological development.
technology.
Women may be held in an inferior Women are increasingly treated on equal
position in society.
terms with men.
Types of Economic Systems
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Subsistence economies : goods and services
are created for the use of the kinship group.
Commercial economies : producers or their
agents freely market their goods and
services, following the law of supply and
demand.
Planned economies: associated with
communist societies, when governments
controlled the economies.
Categories of Activities/Jobs

Occupational Structure of the Workforce:
Ranges along a continuum of both
increasing complexity of product or
service and distance from the natural
environment.
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PRIMARY (agriculture)
SECONDARY (industry)
TERTIARY (services)
QUATERNARY (information)
Occupational Structure
of Various Countries
United States GDP $49,000
 Agriculture .7%, Industry 20.3%, Services
79%
China GDP $8,500
 Agriculture 37%, Industry 29%, Services 34%
(2008 est.)
Occupational Structure
Tanzania GDP $1,500
 Agriculture 80%, Industry & Services 20%
(2002 est.)
Brazil GDP $11,900
 Agriculture 20%, Industry 14%, Services 66%
(2003 est.)
Primary Activities
Direct removal of natural resources from
the earth: mining, forestry, and
agriculture. These are most important
in the LDCs.
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Subsistence Agriculture
Fishing and Forestry
Mining and Quarrying
Primary Products
The percentage of people working in agriculture
exceeds 75% in many LDC’s of Africa and Asia. In
Anglo-America and Western Europe the figure is <5%
Trade in Primary Products
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Important to
Developing
Economies
Danger of
Commodity Trade
Dependence
Puerto Rico Coffee Plantation
Secondary Activities: Manufacturing
Secondary - Processing and transforming natural
resources: steel, textiles, auto assembly. These
used to be most important in MDCs, but are
increasingly important in the semi-periphery
(Korea, Mexico, Brazil, Singapore)
Tertiary and Beyond: Services
Provision of services in exchange for
payment. Includes retailing, banking, law,
education, and government.
Education, R & D, and information
technology becoming most important in
the postindustrial core regions.
Less-developed countries often focus on
tourism.
Services historically were clustered into
settlements. Increasingly the most important
service centers are massive world cities.
Tertiary and Beyond: Services
Less-developed countries often focus on
tourism.
Vendors, Bali
Club Med, The Bahamas