Transcript Development

Chapter 9: Development:
The Cultural Landscape- An Introduction to Human Geography
Chapter 9: Development:
Introduction
 First half of the book focused on global demographics and cultural patterns
 The second half focuses on fundamental economic elements of Human Geography
 Development: The process of improving the material conditions of people through
diffusion of knowledge and technology
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More developed countries (MDCs)
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AKA developed countries
Lesser developed countries (LDCs)
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AKA emerging or developing countries
 First geographic task: Discover where LDCs and MDCs are located
 Essential Question: Why are some regions more developed
than others?
Key Issue 1:
Why Does Development Vary
Between Countries?
 ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
 SOCIAL INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
 DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Between Countries?

The Human Development Index (HDI)
Created by the United Nations
 Four factors used to assess a country’s level of development:
 Economic = (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
 Social = (2) literacy and (3) amount of education
 Demographic = (4) life expectancy
 The four factors are combined to produce a country’s HDI.
 The highest HDI is 1.0 or 100%
 The highest ranking countries are typically in Europe
 Recently the highest ranked is Norway: 0.97 (2009)
 Thirty of the lowest ranked are in sub-Saharan Africa
 The lowest ranked is Niger: 0.340 (2009)
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Human Development Index
Figure 9-1
Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Between Countries?
Economic indicators of development
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita
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GDP: total output of goods and services produced by a country in a normal year
Dividing the GDP by the total population measures the contribution of the average
individual toward generating a country’s wealth in a year
 Other economic indicators are:
Types of jobs:
Primary (including agricultural)
Extract materials from the earth: agriculture, mining, fishing, forestry
Secondary (including manufacturing)
Workers transform and assemble raw material s into useful products
Tertiary (including services)
Provision of goods and services in exchange for payment: banking, law,
education, government
Productivity:
-The value of a product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it
-Workers in MDC produce more with less effort because of access to
machines, tools, and equipment
Consumer Goods:
-Wealth generated in MDCs is used to purchase goods and services
- Especially important: Goods related to communications (telephones and
computers) and transportation (motor vehicles)
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Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons
Figure 9-4
Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Between Countries?
Social indicators of development
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Education and Literacy, Health and Welfare
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MDCs use part of their wealth to provide schools, hospitals and welfare services
As a result people are better educated, healthier, and better protected from hardships
Infants are more likely to survive and adults are more likely to live longer
 Education and Literacy
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2 measures collected: Student/Teacher ration and Literacy Rate
 Student Teacher ration: for Primary Grades, over 30 for LDCs and less than 20 for
MDCs
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More likely to receive individual attention
 Literacy Rate: People in a country who can read and write
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Exceeds 98 % in MDCs and less than 60% for LDCs
 Health and Welfare
 MDCs: part of their wealth pays for people who can’t care for themselves
 In most MDCs health care is a public service available at little or no cost
 MDCs: Most governments pay more than 70% of health care (USA is the exception)
 LDCs: Private individuals pay for more than half
 Health of a population is influenced by diet
 On average, people in MDCs receive more calories and protein than they need
 People in LDCs receive less than they need.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Students Per Teacher, Primary School
Figure 9-6
Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Between Countries?
Demographic indicators of development
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MDCs display demographic differences from LDCs.
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The UN’s HDI uses Life Expectancy as a measure of development
Characteristics from Chapter 2 distinguish between more and less developed nations
 Life Expectancy
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Chapter 2: defined as the average number of years a newborn can expect to live
 LDCs: Babies can expect to live into their 60s; MDCs: into their 70s
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With longer life, MDCs have a higher rate of older people
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This equates to more retired people on public support
LDCs have 6 times as many young people as old
 Infant Mortality Rate
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MDCs: better health and welfare permit more babies to survive infancy
 MDCs: 99.5 % survive, less than ½ of 1% perish
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LDCs: Infant mortality rate is greater
 LDCs: 94% survive, 6 percent perish
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Malnutrition, lack of medicine needed to survive illness (dehydration from
diarrhea)
 Natural Increase Rate
 Natural increase of the population
 LDCs: 1.5 %; MDCs: 0.2 %
 Increases need for services that make people healthy and more productive
 Crude Birth Rate
 LDCs: 23 per 1,000; MDCs: 12 per 1,000
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 2:
Where are MDCs and LDCs
Distributed?
Key Issue 2:Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed?
 More developed regions
 North America= HDI 0.95
 Europe= HDI 0.93
 Other= Russia: HDI 0.73, Japan: HDI 0.96, Oceania: HDI 0.90
 Less developed regions
 Latin America = highest HDI among LDCs= HDI 0.82
 Southwest Asia and North Africa = HDI 0.74
 Southeast Asia = HDI: 0.73
 Central Asia = HDI: 0.70
 South Asia = HDI 0.61
 Sub-Saharan Africa= HDI: 0.51
Key Issue 3:
Where Does Level of Development Vary
by Gender?
 GENDER-RELATED DEVELOPMENT INDEX
 GENDER EMPOWERMENT
Key Issue 3: Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?
 Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
 Compares the level of women’s development with that of
both sexes
 Four measures (similar to HDI):
Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes
 Number of females enrolled in school compared to the number of
males
 Percent of literate females to literate males
 Life expectancy of females to males
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Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
Figure 9-17
Demographic Indicator of Gender
Difference: Life Expectancy
Figure 9-21
Key Issue 3: Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?
 Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
 Compares the decision-making capabilities of men and
women in politics and economics
 Uses economic and political indicators:
Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes
 Percentage of technical and professional jobs held by women
 Percentage of administrative jobs held by women
 Percentage of women holding national office
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Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Figure 9-22
Economic Indicator of Empowerment:
Professionals
Figure 9-23
Progress Toward Development
Figure 9-26
Key Issue 4:
Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to
Development?
 DEVELOPMENT THROUGH SELF-SUFFICIENCY
 DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL TRADE
 INTERNATIONAL TRADE APPROACH TRIUMPHS
 FINANCING DEVELOPMENT
 FAIR TRADE
 To reduce differences between rich and poor countries LDCs must develop
more rapidly by increasing per capita GDP
 To promote development, LDCs choose one of two models to follow:
 One emphasis international trade, the other self sufficiency
Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
 Development through self-sufficiency
 A country should spread investments equally across all sectors
of their economy and in all regions
 If this occurs the following Characteristics should be evident:
Pace of development = modest
 Distribution of development = even
 Barriers are established to protect local business by isolating them
from international corporations
 Three most common barriers = (1) tariffs, (2) quotas, and (3)
restricting the number of importers
 Two major problems with this approach:
 Inefficient businesses are protected
 A large bureaucracy is developed
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Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
 Development through international trade calls for a country to identify its
distinctive or unique economic assets
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Rostow’s model of development(1950s)
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All countries fall somewhere in five stages; MDCs: stage 4 or 5, LDCs: stage 1, 2 , or 3.
The assumption is LDCs will achieve development; MDCs passed through all stages at one time
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Five stage model of development
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1. Traditional Society: Not yet started to develop, high percentage of
people involved in agriculture, national wealth allocated to military and
religion
2. Preconditions for Take-off: an elite group initiates development
through investing in new technology and infrastructure; an increase of
productivity is the result
3. The Take-off: Rapid growth begins in a limited number of economic
activities. Other societal sectors remain traditional
4. The drive to maturity: Modern technology diffuses to wide variety of
industries promoting rapid growth. Workers become skilled and
specialized.
5. The age of mass-consumption: the economy shifts from production
of heavy industry to consumer goods
Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
 Development through international trade
 Most
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developing countries follow self sufficiency approach
Examples of international trade approach (mid 20th Century)
 The “four Asian dragons” (four little tigers, the gang of four)
 South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, then British colony of Hong Kong
• Singapore and Hong Kong had no natural resources
• South Korea and Taiwan followed Japan’s lead in trade
• Concentrated on trade of manufactured goods (clothing and electronics)
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Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula states
 Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, and the UAE
• Once among the least developed countries, transformed over night into
some of the wealthiest due to oil resources
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Three major problems:
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Uneven resource distribution:
Increased dependence on MDCs
Market decline
Key Issue 4:Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
 International trade approach triumphs
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The path most commonly selected by the end of the twentieth century
Countries convert because evidence indicates that international trade is
the more effective path toward development
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Trade has increased more rapidly than wealth as a result of the importance of the
international trade approach
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Example: India
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Foreign factories set up shop in India
Tariffs on import/export were reduced or eliminated
Monopolies were eliminated on communications and insurance
Competition has increase the products coming out of India
World Trade Organization (WTO)
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Through the WTO, countries work to eliminate trade restrictions on goods
• They also work to eliminate restrictions on the movement of money by individuals and
corporations
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The WTO also works to keep trade agreements
Foreign direct investment (FDI)
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An investment of money by one country in another country
 Most investments go between MDCs
Triumph of International Trade Approach
Figure 9-27
Figure 9-28
Foreign Direct Investment
Figure 9-30
Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
 Financing development
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LDCs obtain money from MDCs to fund development
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Two sources of funds:
 Loans
• The World Bank includes International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association
(IDA): provides loans for countries to reform government and legal
institutions
• IMF: Provides loans experiencing payment problems
Foreign direct investment from transnational corporations
 Structural adjustment programs: Provide cancelation and restructuring
of loans with out penaties

Debt as a Percentage of Income
Figure 9-31
Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
 Fair trade approach
 Products are made and traded in a way that protects workers
and small businesses in LDCs
 Two sets of standards
Fair trade producer standards
 Fair trade worker standards
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Producers and workers usually earn more
Consumers usually pay higher prices
Core and Periphery Model
Figure 9-32
The End.
Up next: Agriculture