Transcript EU Climate Change Policy

What is happening in the
European Union on
climate change?
Artur Runge-Metzger
European Commission
European Commission: DG Environment
1. European Union – present situation
European Commission: DG Environment
The EU’s projected progress towards
its Kyoto Commitments
110
108
106
104
EU-25 existing measures
EU-25 additional
measures
EU-15 emissions
102
100
EU-15 existing measures
EU-15 additional
measures
EU-15 target (Kyoto)
98
96
Business as usual
94
Linear target path
92
Kyoto mechanisms and
carbon sinks
2010
2005
2000
1995
90
1990
base year emissions=100
EU-25 emissions
European Commission: DG Environment
The EU’s share of greenhouse gas
emissions
Figure 1: Projected development of greenhouse gas emissions in different
regions of the world
Gigatonnes CO2 equivalents
80
70
60
50
Rest of World
40
Other annex 1
30
EU
20
10
0
1990
2050
Source: Greenhouse gas reduction pathways in the UNFCCC process up to 2025, CNRS/LEPII-EPE, RIVM /M NP,
ICCS-NTUA, CES-KUL (2003).
European Commission: DG Environment
Energy mix, EU-15, business as usual
European Commission: DG Environment
Europeans are feeling the ‘heat’
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Europe has warmed more than
the global average, with a 0.95
°C increase since 1900.
Temperatures in winter have
increased more than in summer.
The warming has been greatest
in the most northern latitudes
and the Iberian Peninsula.
From 1990 to 2100, the global
average temperature is
projected to increase by 1.4–5.8
°C and 2–6.3 °C for Europe.
European Commission: DG Environment
The extreme summer 2003 could become
normal in a few decades only
Average temperature for June July August 2003: Observations ( + ) simulation with
scenario A2
2003
Source: Meteo France
European Commission: DG Environment
2. Selected EU policies and actions
European Commission: DG Environment
European Commission: DG Environment
EU climate policies: The ‘broadbrush’
overview
Kyoto
agreed
US
withdraws
Marrakech
Accords
Kyoto in
force
US
EU
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
1st commitment period
Monitoring Decision
ECCP I
EU ETS
EU ETS Directive
Linking Directive
Registries Regulation
Monitoring, Reporting Verification Guidelines
ECCP II
Sectoral studies
Preparation
Negotiated
In force
Review
European Commission: DG Environment
European Climate Change Programme
(ECCP) – engagement of social actors
ECCP Principles
Working groups
WG Reports/
•integration
•transparency
•stakeholder consultation
•group expertise
•build consensus
-
P&M analysed
ECCP Approach
•reduction potential
•cost-effective
•cross-sectoral
•time frame for implem.
•ancillary effects
Emissions trading
Flexible mechanisms
Energy supply
Energy demand
end-use equipment
Transport
Industry
Fluorinated gasses
Research
Agriculture
Sinks agr. soils
Forestry sinks
conclusions
ECCP steering
committee
Commission
action plan
European Commission: DG Environment
ECCP:
Recently adopted domestic measures
Cross-cutting issues
• Directive on GHG emissions trading within the Community (Oct. 2003)
• Linking project-based mechanisms to GHG emissions trading (Oct. 2004)
• Decision for monitoring Community GHG emissions and for
implementing the Kyoto Protocol (Feb. 2004)
Energy
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Directive
Directive
Directive
Directive
on
on
on
on
the promotion of renewable energy sources (Sept. 2001)
taxation of energy products (Oct. 2003)
energy performance of buildings (Jan. 2003)
the promotion of co-generation (CHP) (Feb. 2004)
Transport
• Promotion of the use of bio-fuels for transport
Agriculture (Biofuels, Cross compliance), Landfill Directive
European Commission: DG Environment
Emissions trading: EU is implementing a
company-based scheme since 1.1.2005
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CO2 emissions from energy
intensive industry above
specific capacity thresholds (45
– 50 % of EU CO2 emissions)
Around 10,500 installations
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electricity generators
heat & steam production
mineral oil refineries
ferrous metals: production
& processing
cement, lime glass, bricks and
ceramics
pulp & paper sector
European Commission: DG Environment
Use of Kyoto Mechanisms: Planned
purchases by Member States (in addition to
company use!)
Million tonnes of CO2 eq.
Austria
35.00
Belgium
42.00
Denmark
22.50
Finland
At least 3.0
Ireland
18.50
Italy
198.00
Luxembourg
15.00
Netherlands
100.00
Spain
100.00
Sweden
At least 5.0
Almost 520 Million tonnes of CO2eq (2008-2012)
Allocated resources thus far: € 2.7 billion
European Commission: DG Environment
ECCP “push” policies: Development and
demonstration of new technologies
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Research & Technology Development:
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6th Framework Programme (5-yr): energy (€ 800 million),
transport (€ 600 million), global change and ecosystems (€
700 million) or more than € 420 mill p.a.
Financial Perspectives 2007-2013 (state of negotiations):
energy (€ 2.2 billion), transport (€ 4.1 billion), environment (€
1.8 billion) or more than € 1.1 billion p.a.
Technology Platforms: hydrogen and fuel cells, zero emission
fossil fuel power plants
Demonstration programmes:
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Intelligent Energy for Europe (e.g. ALTENER, SAVE,
COOPENER, STEER)
LIFE, LIFE+
Competitiveness and Innovation Programme (2007-2013,
proposed)
European Commission: DG Environment
ECCP:
Ongoing domestic legislative work….
Energy
• Proposal for a framework directive on eco-efficiency requirements
for energy-using products
• Proposal for a Directive on energy end-use efficiency and energy
services
Transport
• Proposal for improvements in infrastructure use and charging
• Proposal on special tax arrangements for diesel fuel used for
commercial purposes and on the alignment of excise duties on
petrol and diesel fuel
• Proposal for a regulation on the granting of Community financial
assistance to improve the environmental performance of the
freight transport system (Marco Polo I and II program)
Products
• Proposal for legislative action on fluorinated gases
European Commission: DG Environment
ECCP II long-term challenge:
Making the EU fit for post-2012
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Aviation – Start Nov. 2005  Legislative proposal
Integrated approach on CO2 emissions of light duty vehicles
– Start December 2005 Revised Community strategy to
reduce CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles (end 2006)
Carbon dioxide capture and geological storage – start March
2006 (report June 2006)  Legislative proposal (2007)
Impacts and Adaptation – start April 2006  Green Paper on
adaptation (November 2006)
EU ETS Review – start after the summer break 2006
legislative proposal mid-2007
Sectoral studies – 2006-08: In-depth sectoral studies
assessing emission potential and establishing marginal
abatement costs groundwork for legislative proposals after
2008
European Commission: DG Environment
3. Building together another future
European Commission: DG Environment
The EU’s level of aspiration
2°C
European Commission: DG Environment
Deep reductions are required
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Non-action is not a feasible option. The more action
is postponed, the greater the risk of irreversible
change
Well below 550 ppm
Global emissions likely to grow within next two
decades and then reduce by at least 15 % but
perhaps as much as 50 % by 2050 compared to
1990
Explore pathways for industrialised countries to
reach cuts of 15 – 30 % by 2020, 60 – 80 % by
2050 compared to 1990
“Keeping the door open” strategy
European Commission: DG Environment
Reducing global emissions is affordable
through global action
55
220
200
180
45
160
40
140
120
35
emissions 650 ppm
emissions 550 ppm
GDP reference
GDP 650 ppm
GDP 550 ppm
30
25
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
100
80
2040
60
2050
GDP (2000 value =100)
GHG Emissions [GtCo2eq]
50
Reversing
global emission
trends by 2025
would reduce
global GDP in
2025 by about
2.4 %
compared to
BAU while GDP
would more
than double –
assuming
gradual
participation of
all countries
European Commission: DG Environment
- negotiation space
Five essential elements:
1. Build on Kyoto
2. Broaden participation
3. Include more sectors and all gases
4. Deploy and develop technologies
5. Adapt to the effects of residual climate
change
European Commission: DG Environment
Whatever we decide, we must rise to
the challenge: e.g. incremental finance
required in the energy sector
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Total BAU investment:
US$ 17 trillion incl.
Universal Access to
Electricity until 2030
Price tag for climatefriendly: + 15 % = US$
2.6 trillion in 25 years (~
0.3 % of global annual
GDP); i.e. approximately
US$ 100 billion per year
of which ~ 50 % in
developing countries
(IBRD: US$ 20–120
billion)
European Commission: DG Environment
Whatever we decide, we must rise to
the challenge: e.g. incremental finance
required in the energy sector
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Total BAU investment:
US$ 17 trillion incl.
Universal Access to
Electricity until 2030
Price tag for climatefriendly: + 15 % = US$
2.6 trillion in 25 years (~
0.3 % of global annual
GDP); i.e. approximately
US$ 100 billion per year
of which ~ 50 % in
developing countries
(IBRD: US$ 20–120
billion)
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Annual Official
Development Assistance
(ODA) = US$ 100 billion
(- but only US$ 6.2
billion for the energy
sector)
World Bank (2005): US$
1.8 billion for the energy
sector
Global Environment
Facility = US$ 1.7 billion
over 14 years
CDM: US$ 5-7 billion for
2008-2012
European Commission: DG Environment
Creating international political momentum
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Platforms:
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UNFCCC
G8, esp. Gleneagles Dialogue, IBRD Investment Framework, IEA
Bilateral Summits (US, Russia, India, China, Japan…)
Climate Change & Energy Partnerships (India, China, Russia…)
Strengthen policy analysis and dialogue (e.g. BASIC, IEA…)
US-led technology initiatives (CSLF, hydrogen,…)
Instruments:
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Carbon Market, e.g. Clean Development Mechanism (€ 2.7 billion
from MS, total 2.1 bn tonnes CO2eq by 2012 of which almost 90
% through CDM)
Country Strategy-based funding (e.g. policy dialogues, EnergyEnvironment-Programs)
New Public and Public/Private Partnership funding instruments:
European Investment Bank/funding for CCS
Research and Technology Development Funds
European Commission: DG Environment
http://europa.eu.int/
comm/environment/
climat/home_en.htm
European Commission: DG Environment