Transcript Lecture 12
Lecture 12:Measuring GDP ECON 111 What is the circular flow of income HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS and expenditure? How are GDP, real GDP, and the average price level measured? What are the shortcomings of each measure of economic performance? We will be adding some slides to todays talk Direction for Next Week Have seen that Unemployment and Inflation are the twin evils inflation: see pgs 127-128 for discussion of index calculation Today GDP as a barometer of the economys well-being Next. How is GDP determined?? Your Weekend Parkin Chapter 6 and 7 EIA 7, There is nothing else to do!!!!!!! Economic Barometers The U.S. Department of Commerce publishes GDP statistics every quarter (three months). These statistics are a barometer of the economy, telling us: how fast it has grown the rate of inflation ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Companies use this data to forecast future demand for their products. Gross Domestic Product Gross domestic product (GDP) is the dollar value of total production of goods and services in a country during a calendar year. you can plot the time path of GDP in EIA the easiest way to understand GDP is ECON to use a circular flow diagram. 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS The Circular Flow of Income and Expenditure ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Sectors of the Economy The economy has four sectors: households firms governments the rest of the world ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Markets of the Economy The economy has three aggregate markets: factor markets goods and services markets (heart) financial markets ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Gross Domestic Product Gross domestic product is the value of aggregate production in a country during a year. GDP can be valued one of two ways: By what buyers pay for it By what it costs producers to make it These two ways of adding up GDP always give the same answer. ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Aggregate Expenditure The total amount that buyers pay for the goods produced is aggregate expenditure. Aggregate expenditure includes: Consumption (C) Investment (I) Government purchases (G) Net exports (NX) ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Injections and Leakages Leakages from the circular flow of spending and income are saving, net taxes, and imports. Injections into the circular flow include investment, government purchases, and exports. Injections always equal leakages. ECON 111 why is this important? HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS The Expenditure Approach The expenditure approach measures GDP by collecting data on: consumption expenditure (C) investment (I) government purchases (G) net exports (NX) ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Gross Domestic Product Expenditure Equals Income Y = C + I + G + NX ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Gross Domestic Product Measuring U.S. GDP 1) Expenditure Approach 2) Income Approach ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Gross Domestic Product Expenditure Approach Uses data on consumption expenditure, investment, government purchases, and net exports ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Gross Domestic Product Expenditure Approach Personal consumption expenditures are the expenditures by households on goods and services produced in the United States and the rest of the world ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Gross Domestic Product Expenditure Approach Gross domestic investment is expenditure on capital equipment and buildings by firms and expenditure on new homes by households. Also, it includes the change in inventories. ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Gross Domestic Product Expenditure Approach Government purchases of goods and services are the purchases of goods and services by all levels of government. • Does not include transfer payments ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Gross Domestic Product Expenditure Approach Net exports of goods and services are the value of exports minus the value of imports ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS ECON 111 HOFFMAN GDP in 1997 Item Consumption (C) MACRO HAPPENS Amount % of (billion $) GDP 5,628 68.7 Investment (I) 1,133 15.3 Government (G) 1,275 17.4 Net exports (NX) -98 -1.4 GDP (Y) 7,938 100.0 Expenditures Not in GDP Aggregate expenditure equals GDP. However, not all the things that people and businesses buy are included in this final expenditure. Spending not part of GDP includes: Intermediate goods and services Used goods Financial securities Why are these excluded? ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Value Added and Final Expenditure Farmer Farmer’s value added Value added Intermediate expenditure Final expenditure ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Value Added and Final Expenditure Farmer Miller Value added Farmer’s value added Value of wheat Miller’s value added Intermediate expenditure Final expenditure ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Value Added and Final Expenditure Farmer Miller Baker Value added Farmer’s value added Value of wheat Value of flour Intermediate expenditure Miller’s value added Bakers value added Final expenditure ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Value Added and Final Expenditure Farmer Miller Value added Farmer’s value added Value of wheat Intermediate expenditure Miller’s value added Baker Value of flour Grocer Wholesale value of bread Bakers value added Final expenditure Grocer’s value added ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Value Added and Final Expenditure Farmer Miller Value added Farmer’s value added Value of wheat Intermediate expenditure Miller’s value added Baker Value of flour Grocer Wholesale value of bread Consumer Retail value of bread; Final Expenditure on bread Bakers value added Final expenditure Grocer’s value added ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS ECON 111 Intermediate Goods and Services HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Intermediate goods and services are the goods and services that firms buy from each other and use as inputs in the goods and services they eventually sell to final users. The way a good is counted depends on its use. Ice cream sold to you is a final good, while ice cream sold to a restaurant is an intermediate good. Used Goods Expenditure on used goods (previously owned goods) is not part of GDP because these goods were counted as GDP in the period in which they were originally produced. However, the services of sales people and firms who sell used ECON goods are included in GDP. 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Financial Securities Firms often sell financial securities such as stocks and bonds to finance purchases of capital goods. Since GDP already includes the amount spent on producing new capital goods, it would be double counting to include the amount ECON raised financing the purchase. 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Aggregate Expenditure, Income, and GDP Aggregate expenditure equals aggregate income. The Department of Commerce uses both approaches to estimate GDP because their estimates are based on samples of information. They can check one aggregate ECON 111 against the other. HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS We will use the aggregate expenditure approach in any calculation of GDP on an exam. ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Distinguishing Real and Nominal GDP ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Ck out EIA Real gdp = Nom gdp / price index economic well-being is increased with an increase in real gdp so we have to subtract price inflation from nominal gdp growth. the numbers you see reported in the WSJ are inflation adjusted numbers or real gdp The U.S. GDP Balloon 1996 ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS The U.S. GDP Balloon GDP deflator 1996 ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS The U.S. GDP Balloon GDP deflator 1992 1996 ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS Limitations of GDP as a measure of well-being ECON 111 see pages 132-133 in your text HOFFMAN GDP is used as a measure of MACRO HAPPENS economic well-being. Think of GDP as output (or aggregate income). When GDP increases the total economic pie increases so presumably each individual has the opportunity to consume a bigger piece of the pie But is GDP a good measure of well-being? ? overadjustments for inflation. confusing quality changes with inflation household production underground economic activity quality of life issues health, liesure, pollution, political freedom. ECON 111 HOFFMAN MACRO HAPPENS