Transcript Immigration - California State University, Los Angeles

 JOSE L CAMPOS
 YANET ESPINOZA
 SANJEEWA DEVANARAYANA
Good luck in your
new homeland!
Welcome to
America!
When immigrants came to
America, some people thought
they were very brave. Other
people thought the immigrants
were very foolish.
INTRODUCTION
 Legal immigration
 Family reunification rules
 Specific employment based quotas
 refugees
 Illegal immigration
 By crossing the border without valid immigration
documents; or
 By entering with a valid visa and then remaining
in the country after their visas expire.
Immigration Today
 U.S. Population Clock as of Oct 15, 2008
 305,419,048 people living in the US (Apprx.)
 37.5 million of them are immigrants. (Apprx.)
 12 million of these immigrants lack legal status
 9.7 million of these immigrants have a status other than
citizen or
 undocumented. Most are Lawful Permanent Residents
 15.8 million of these immigrants are citizens
 􀂄For the last 3 years the immigrant portion of the US has
remained at 12%
 􀂄 Only 3.5% of the US population is undocumented
Where do they come from?
States of residence, 2006
Actual and Projected U.S. Population Increase
• Actual and Projected U.S.
Population Increase, 1960 to 2050
Main Arguments
IL-LEGAL IMMIGRATION DOES HELP
THE US ECONOMY
Would you say that immigration
helps the United States more than it
hurts it, or immigration hurts the
United States more than it helps it?
States with Most Undocumented
Immigrants
Growth Rates , 2000-2010
40
35
34.1
33.3
30
25
20
12.9
15
10
2.8
5
0
Hispanics
Asians
Blacks
Whites
Who is hurt by illegal
immigration?
• Uneducated
Americans
• Poor or lower
class Americans
• U.S. tax payers
IMMIGRANT AND TAXES
Immigrants pay income, property, sales,
and taxes at the federal and state level
In 2002, illegal immigrants added a net
surplus of $463 billion to Social Security
Immigrants & Crime
Immigrants lower crime rates
1st generation immigrants 45% less likely to
commit violence than 3rd generation
Americans.
During 1990s when immigration highest,
crime dropped the most
–Los Angeles it dropped 45%
Why: motivation to work, ambition and desire not to be deported
Immigrants and the US work force
Illegal immigrants as a percentage of total
employees :
• 24% of farm workers
• 20% of cooks
• 28% of drywall installers
• 36% of insulation workers
Percent
Share undocumented immigrant workers
by industry
25
20
15
Overall Proportion
4.9
10
5
0
Priv.
House
holds
Food
mfg.
Ag.
Source: Pew Hispanic Center (2005)
Furniture
mfg.
Const.
Textiles
Food
Svcs.
Admin Hotels Other mfg.
&
Support
Foreign-born share of employment
by sector
Farming, fishing, and forestry
occupations
Building and grounds cleaning
and maintenance operations
Construction and extraction
occupations
Production occupations
Food preparation and serving
related occupations
Total
Protective service occupations
Legal occupations
Source:
BLS (2006)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Percent
Immigrants are more mobile,
responsive to economic growth
• More likely come in good times, leave in bad times
– Flexibility allows for faster economic growth,
more efficient use of resources
– Lower unemployment
• Some immigrant groups are even more mobile
once here
– Move to where the jobs are
• Fewer regional discrepancies in growth
– Lower unemployment, regional
convergence
Job-based green cards remain
in short supply
Thousands
800
700
600
Temp Work Visas
Job-Based Green Cards
500
400
300
200
100
0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Source: Department of Homeland Security, Department of State
Skilled flows pro-cyclical
H1-B petitions approved for initial employment
Thousands
250
Peak
200
Post-recession
150
100
50
0
92
93
94
95
96
Source: Department of Homeland Security
97
98
99
'00
'01
'02
'03
'04
'05
'06
Immigrants work more
Labor Force Participation: Men
Percent
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
Undocumented Migrants
Source: Pew Hispanic Center (2005)
Legal Immigrants
Natives
Who benefits from l-Illegal immigration?
•
•
•
•
•
You
Big business
U.S. economy
Farm owners
US Govt.
Effects of immigration on US
Corporations
• Immigration has effects similar to trade
– Greater specialization, efficiency
– More choice, innovation
Production Increases.
• Who benefits?
• US GDP increase
• Exports Increase
– Consumers
• Prices of certain goods and services fall
What is your Opinion My fellow
Legal Aliens?
Do you believe that immigrants take away
US jobs and Hurt the economy
OR
Immigrants takes the jobs that natives don’t
want to do?
of
Negative
effect
immigration
in the
U. S.
economy
Immigration to the United States
in the 20th Century
Thousands of legal
immigrants
Immigration to the United States
in the 20th Century
* Excluding IRCA conversions
Source: Immigration Naturalization Service
* Excluding IRCA conversions
Source: Immigration Naturalization Service
Negative Economic Impact of Immigration
Facts:
•
•
•
•
•
Immigrants have less education
Earn less than native U.S. citizens
Households headed by immigrants have more children
compare to U.S. citizens.
The average Immigrants pays less in taxes
Receive more in social services
e.g.
Cash public assistance in 1995
Immigrants Native U.S. citizens
5.8%
4.5%
•Welfare assistance
Source: Michael Fix and Jeffrey Passel, “The Scope and Impact of Welfare Reform’s Immigrant Provisions,”
Discussion Papers, The Urban Institute, January 2002.
Immigrants reduce the wages of U.S. citizens
August 2003 report by Pia M. Orrenius and Madeline Zavodny,
researchers at the Federal Reserve Banks of Dallas and Atlanta
• Annual wages of low-skilled native workers are about 2.4% below where
they would be otherwise as a result of the presence of immigrant
workers.
Studies by Harvard economist George Borjas, an outspoken
advocate of stronger immigration restrictions concludes that:
 Between 1980 and 2000 immigration increase the labor supply of
working men by 11%
 Immigration reduced the average annual earning of native born-men by
estimated $1,700 or 4%
 and by 7.4% for native workers without a high school diploma.
How much do immigrants contribute to the overall economy?
The foreign-born make up only 11.3 percent of the U.S. population and
14 percent of the labor force.
Source: Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, “U.S. Immigration and Economic Growth: Putting Policy on Hold,” Southwest Economy
Issue 6, November/December 2003, available online at www.dallasfed.org/research/swe/2003/swe0306a.html
(derived from data from the U.S. Census Bureau).
Portion of employment growth in each job category
attributed to foreign-born workers from 1996 to 2000
Unauthorized immigrants:
19 % of farming working
17 % of cleaning occupation
12 % of construction workers
11 % food preparation
8 % production
4.3% unauthorized
Source: Abraham T. Mosisa, “The Role of Foreign-born Workers in the U.S. Economy," Monthly Labor Review, May 2002, pp. 4–14
Immigration creates costs
• The availability of low-cost immigrant labor may remove the incentive for
employers to adopt new technologies
• As a border-county policymaker, Santa Cruz County supervisor Manuel
Ruiz offered a unique perspective on the costs of immigration:
Costs associated with illegal border crossings:
- Autopsy and investigative costs when immigrants die
(21 people died crossing the border into Santa Cruz County in
2007)
- Incarceration, prosecution and defense costs associated with
prosecuting immigrants who commit crimes
• The hospital in Santa Cruz County spent approximately $1 million in
2007 treating undocumented immigrants who were unable to pay
Cont…
•
The impact of immigration on California is more negative because immigrant
households in the state:
(a) are more numerous relative to the native population,
(b) have more children, causing them to make greater use of public education,
(c) and earn lower incomes, leading them to have lower tax payments and
greater use of public assistance. (health care and other social services)
•
increase in the consumption of publicly provided goods and services, such as
public schools
The US illegal immigration
Other negative impact on government expenditures
• Education: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR)
study shows that:
Unauthorized immigrant cost $3.2 billion
Native-born US citizen children of unauthorized immigrant cost
$4.5 billion
• Healthcare (emergency medical service):
California Hospital Association spends approximately:
$500 million p/year on undocumented immigrants and
$300 million birth and prenatal care for children of
undocumented immigrants
• Prison costs:
California Department of Corrections spend
$730 million (2005-2006 budget and get reimbursed for
10%-12% of this cost from Federal Government)
Cont….
• The number of illegal immigrants in U.S. is estimated between 7
and 20 million.
• Undocumented workers generally don't pay income taxes but do
use schools and other government services
• Those who lack a high school diploma and teenagers looking for
summer positions are finding it difficult to acquire employment
due to competition from illegal immigrants.
• Taxes: the failure of illegal immigrants to contribute to the tax
pool, coupled with those who employ illegal immigrants and do
not pay unemployment insurance, social security, medicare.
Cont…..
• Harvard's George Borjas says the average American's wealth is
increased by less than 1 % because of illegal immigration.
• Healthcare :
No social security number
No driver license
• Unemployment Rates
• Food Supplies:
the food supply needs are figured in the US based upon the census data
•
Overall, low-skill workers -- regardless of their immigration status -Dennis Hoffman, director of the Seidman Research Institute at the W. P.
Carey School consume more in services than they pay in taxes.
Conclusion
• Both sides there are winners and losers
• Depend in you situation
– If you are owner of company, educated,
customers you are in the winner situatition
– If you are educated, low skill and other you
are in the losing side
REFERENCE
• Pia M. Orrenius and Madeline Zavodny, “Does Immigration Affect
Wages? A Look at Occupational-Level Evidence,” Federal Reserve
Bank of Dallas Research Department, Working Paper 0302, August
2003.
• http://www.immigrationline.org/publications.asp?pubid=491
• http://stlouisfed.org/publications/re/2006/d/pages/immigration.html
• http://www.prb.org/Articles/2008/pewprojections.aspx
• http://www.dallasfed.org/research/papers/2003/wp0302.pdf.
• http://immigration.procon.org/viewresource.asp?resourceID=842
• http://www.legalcybertips.com/immigration/What-Kinds-ofProblems-Do-Illegal-Immigrants-Cause.htm
• lhttp://www.bls.gov/