Transcript DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS

Analysis of the urban structure in England
and Wales 1971-2001
Basak Demires Ozkul
Outline
 Research question
 Hypothesis
 Definition of city structure
 Functional urban regions
 Travel to work areas
 Exploration of Travel-to-work Areas
 Conclusion
Research Question
Where do people live and work in post-industrial
England and how does this affect the
structure of cities?
Hypothesis
 The main hypothesis is that city structure is
dependent on commuting patterns.
Hypothesis
 The main hypothesis is that city structure is
dependent on commuting patterns.
 Commuting patterns are a result of the spatial
segregation of land use of jobs and housing.
Hypothesis
 The main hypothesis is that city structure is
dependent on commuting patterns.
 Commuting patterns are a result of the spatial
segregation of land use of jobs and housing.
 Jobs and housing are segregated by occupational
class.
Hypothesis
 The main hypothesis is that city structure is
dependent on commuting patterns.
 Commuting patterns are a result of the spatial
segregation of land use of jobs and housing.
 Jobs and housing are segregated by occupational
class.
 Occupational classes are dependent on labour demand
in the economy.
Hypothesis
 The main hypothesis is that city structure is dependent on
commuting patterns.
 Commuting patterns are a result of the spatial segregation of land
use of jobs and housing.
 Jobs and housing are segregated by occupational class.
 Occupational classes are dependent on labour demand in the
economy.
 Thus changes in labour demand in industrial and postindustrial England is reflected in the city structure.
Definition of City Structure
 Hall (Hall 1973) divided urbanisation into two
main components:
1. The physical components were land use coverage and
intensity.
2. The functional components were within place and
between place activities.
DATA
GEOGRAPHY
DEFINITIONS
Definition of City Structure
 Hall (Hall 1973) divided urbanisation into two
main components:
1. The physical components were land use coverage and
intensity.
2. The functional components were within place and
between place activities.
DATA
GEOGRAPHY
DEFINITIONS
Key Issues in Time-Series
 DATA
 GEOGRAPHY
 DEFINITIONS
DATA !
GEOGRAPHY !
DEFINITIONS !
Exploration of TTWAs
“TTWAs are designated by the Office for National
Statistics (ONS) as a statistical geography that
represents a set of sub-regional labour market
areas which is identifiable as patterns of
commuting”
Source: Coombes (2007)
DATA
GEOGRAPHY
DEFINITIONS
Deconstructing TTWAs
 Distinct Areas
 Self-contained
 Representing all trips
DATA
GEOGRAPHY
DEFINITIONS
TTWAs – Distinct areas (2001)
DATA
GEOGRAPHY
DEFINITIONS
TTWAs – Self Containment
2001 Size and self-containment values:
y
{a} flow X to Y as a % of all flows from X
(including flows from X to itself)
{b} flow X to Y as a % of all flows to Y (including
flows from Y to itself)
{c} flow Y to X as a % of all flows from Y
(including flows from Y to itself)
{d} flow Y to X as a % of all flows to X (including
flows from X to itself)
The final Tij2 index is computed in the following
way.
[ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ]
a
x
b
z
Supply side self containment of x
DATA !
Source: Coombes (2007)
GEOGRAPHY !
DEFINITIONS !
TTWAs – Self Containment
2001 Size and self-containment values:
y
{a} flow X to Y as a % of all flows from X
(including flows from X to itself)
{b} flow X to Y as a % of all flows to Y (including
flows from Y to itself)
{c} flow Y to X as a % of all flows from Y
(including flows from Y to itself)
{d} flow Y to X as a % of all flows to X (including
flows from X to itself)
The final Tij2 index is computed in the following
way.
[ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ]
a
x
b
z
Demand side self containment of y
DATA !
Source: Coombes (2007)
GEOGRAPHY !
DEFINITIONS !
TTWAs – Self Containment
2001 Size and self-containment values:
y
{a} flow X to Y as a % of all flows from X
(including flows from X to itself)
{b} flow X to Y as a % of all flows to Y (including
flows from Y to itself)
{c} flow Y to X as a % of all flows from Y
(including flows from Y to itself)
{d} flow Y to X as a % of all flows to X (including
flows from X to itself)
The final Tij2 index is computed in the following
way.
[ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ]
a
x
b
z
Supply side self containment of y
DATA !
Source: Coombes (2007)
GEOGRAPHY !
DEFINITIONS !
TTWAs – Self Containment
2001 Size and self-containment values:
y
{a} flow X to Y as a % of all flows from X
(including flows from X to itself)
{b} flow X to Y as a % of all flows to Y (including
flows from Y to itself)
{c} flow Y to X as a % of all flows from Y
(including flows from Y to itself)
{d} flow Y to X as a % of all flows to X (including
flows from X to itself)
The final Tij2 index is computed in the following
way.
[ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ]
a
x
b
z
Demand side self containment of x
DATA !
Source: Coombes (2007)
GEOGRAPHY !
DEFINITIONS !
TTWAs – Self Containment
1970
1981
1991
2001
TTWA resident and
workplace selfcontainment levels
to at least meet the
75% minimum level
TTWA resident and
workplace selfcontainment levels,
and economically
active population
size, must at least
meet minimum
levels; (but all
TTWAs must be at
least 70% selfcontained)
TTWA resident and
workplace selfcontainment levels,
and economically
active population
size, must at least
meet minimum
levels; (but all
TTWAs must be at
least 69.5% selfcontained)
TTWA resident and
workplace selfcontainment levels,
and economically
active population
size, must at least
meet minimum
levels; (but all
TTWAs must be at
least 66.67% selfcontained)
DATA !
GEOGRAPHY !
DEFINITIONS !
TTWAs – Trip Identity
 Travel to Work
Patterns
y
a
[ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ]
sum of all flows to X from areas outside
of X as a % of all flows to X (including
flows from X to itself)
x
b
DATA
z
GEOGRAPHY
DEFINITIONS
TTWAs – Trip Identity
 Travel to Work
Patterns
[ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ]
sum of all flows to X from areas outside
of X as a % of all flows to X (including
flows from X to itself)
 1971 and 2001
 Reading and
Blackburn
DATA
GEOGRAPHY
DEFINITIONS
Reading and Blacburn
 Reading
 Blackburn
 In the 19th century became known as the
town of 3 Bs, bulbs, biscuits and
breweries.
 Suttons Seeds (bulbls) closed in 1976.
Huntley and Palmers (biscuits) closed in
1977. Simmonds (brewery) moved to a
new site on the edge of Reading in the
1970's.
 The town hosts the headquarters of
major British companies and the UK
offices of major foreign multinationals,
predominantly in the technology industry,
including Symantec, Verizon Business,
Microsoft, Oracle, Sage, Xansa (now
Steria), Cisco, Symbol Technologies,
Websense, SGI.
 Several of these are at the Thames
Valley Business Park .
DATA
 By the first half of the 18th century,
textile manufacture had become
Blackburn's main industry. From the mid18th to the early 20th century, Blackburn
evolved from a small market town to
become "the weaving capital of the
world", with its population increasing
from less than 5,000 to over 130,000.
 Blackburn's textile sector fell into a
terminal decline from the mid-20th
century.
 Major employers in Blackburn include:
BAE Systems (British defence and
aerospace company ); Blackburn with
Darwen Borough Council; and the East
Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust.
GEOGRAPHY
DEFINITIONS
Employment 1971 - 2001
 Reading
 1971: ca. 73,250
 2001: ca. 89,000
DATA
 Blackburn
 1971: ca. 54,600
 2001: ca. 45,000
GEOGRAPHY
DEFINITIONS
1971 – Geography
Reading
DATA
Blackburn
GEOGRAPHY !
Note: Images not to scale
DEFINITIONS
1971 – Industry
I. Agriculture,
forestry, fishing
VIII. Instrument
engineering
XV. Clothing and
footwear
XXII. Transport and
communication
II. Mining and
quarrying
IX. Electrical
engineering
XVI. Bricks, pottery,
glass, cement, etc.
XXIII. Distributive
trades
III. Food, drink and
tobacco
X. Shipbuilding and
marine engineering
XVII. Timber,
furniture, etc.
XXIV. Insurance,
banking, finance and
business services
IV. Coal and
petroleum products
XI. Vehicles
XVIII. Paper, printing
and publishing
XXV. Professional and
scientific services
V. Chemical and allied
industries
XII. Metal goods not
elsewhere specified
XIX. Other
manufacturing
industries
XXVI. Miscellaneous
services
VI. Metal manufacture
XIII. Textiles
XX. Construction
XXVII. Public
administration and
defence
VII. Mechanical
engineering
XIV. Leather, leather
goods and fur
XXI. Gas, electricity
and water
Industry inadequately
described
DATA !
GEOGRAPHY
DEFINITIONS !
1971 – Industry Share (10% Sample)
I Agriculture, 0.2%
NC, 0.3%
NC, 0.8%
XXVII Public , 7.0%
II Mining , 0.1%
XXVI Miscalleneous ,
11.0%
I Agriculture, 0.3%
XXVII Public , 3.7%
II Mining , 0.0%
XXVI Miscalleneous ,
7.0%
III-XIX Manufacturing,
23.8%
XXV Professional, 10.8%
XXIV Insurance, 2.3%
XXV Professional,
14.9%
III-XIX Manufacturing,
49.6%
XXI Gas, 2.1%
XX Construction,
7.5%
XXIV Insurance, 7.5%
XXII Transport , 9.5%
XXIII Distributive, 12.7%
XXII Transport , 5.4%
XX Construction, 5.2%
XXIII Distributive,
15.5%
XXI Gas, 2.8%
Reading
DATA !
Blackburn
GEOGRAPHY !
DEFINITIONS !
1971 – Socioeconomic Group
I. Professional
etc. occupations
II. Intermediate
occupations
III (N). Skilled
occupations –
Non manual
III (M). Skilled
occupations –
Manual
IV. Partly skilled
occupations
V. Unskilled
occupations
SEG 1. Employers & managers in
central and local gov., industry,
commerce etc. – large est. (II, III(N-M))
SEG 7. Personal service workers.
(II, III (N-M), IV)
SEG 13. Farmers – employers and
managers (II)
SEG 2. Employers a& managers in
industry, commerce, etc. – small est.
(II, III(N-M), IV, V)
SEG 8. Foremen and supervisors
– manual (III (M))
SEG 14. Farmers – own account
(II)
SEG 3. Professional workers – selfemployed (I)
SEG 9. Skilled manual workers (III
(M))
SEG 15. Agricultural workers
(III(M), IV)
SEG. 4. Professional workers –
employees (I)
SEG 10. Semi-skilled manual
workers (IV)
SEG 16. Members of the armed
forces
SEG 5. Intermediate non-manual
workers (II, III(N))
SEG 11. Unskilled manual workers
(V)
SEG 17. Inadequately described
occupations
SEG 6. Junior non-manual workers
(III(N), IV)
SEG 12. Own account workers
(other than professionals) (II, III
(M-N), IV, V)
DATA !
GEOGRAPHY
DEFINITIONS !
1971 – Social class % (10% Sample)
I. Professional
etc. occupations
II. Intermediate
occupations
III (N). Skilled
occupations –
Non manual
III (M). Skilled
occupations –
Manual
V. Unskilled
occupations
NC, 1%
NC, 1%
V , 7%
IV. Partly skilled
occupations
I., 5%
V , 8%
I., 3%
II., 16%
II., 19%
IV. , 16%
IV. , 22%
III (N). , 18%
III (M)., 23%
III (N). , 29%
III (M)., 33%
Reading
DATA !
Blackburn
GEOGRAPHY !
DEFINITIONS !
1971 – % of people commuting from
outside by social class (10% Sample)
I. Professional
etc. occupations
II. Intermediate
occupations
III (N). Skilled
occupations –
Non manual
III (M). Skilled
occupations –
Manual
IV. Partly skilled
occupations
I.
I.
100%
100%
80%
NC
80%
II.
60%
NC
40%
20%
20%
0%
0%
III (N).
V
III (M).
III (N).
IV.
Reading (%36)
DATA !
II.
60%
40%
V
IV.
V. Unskilled
occupations
III (M).
Blackburn (%29)
GEOGRAPHY !
DEFINITIONS !
2001 – Geography
Reading
DATA
Blackburn
GEOGRAPHY !
Note: Images not to scale
DEFINITIONS
2001 – Industry (1997 SIC)
A. Agriculture, hunting and
forestry (010-015, 02)
G. Wholesale and retail trade,
repair of motor vehicles etc. (500505. 51-52)
M. Education (800-801. 0021-8022,
8031-8032. 8041-8042)
B. Fishing (05)
H. Hotels and restaurants (550555)
N. Health and social work (850,
8511-8514, 852-853)
C. Mining and quarrying (10-14)
I. Transport, storage and
communication (600-603, 61-62,
630-634, 640-642)
O. Other community, social and
personal services (90-91, 920-927,
93)
D. Manufacturing (150-159, 16-18,
190-192, 21, 210-212, 220-223, 23,
240-247, 250-252, 260-268, 27-28,
290-297, 30-32, 330-335, 340-342,
350-355, 360-366, 37)
J. Financial intermediation (6567)
P. Private households with
employed persons (95)
E. Electricity, gas and water
supply (400-403, 41)
K. Real estate, renting and
business activities (70-73, 740,
7411-7415, 742-748)
Q. Extra-territorial organisation
and bodies (99)
F. Construction (45)
L. Public administration and
defence (750, 7511-7514, 75217525, 753)
Not Applicable
DATA !
GEOGRAPHY
DEFINITIONS !
2001 – Industry Share
A-B. Agriculture,
0.5%
A-B. Agriculture,
C. Mining &
Other, 4.5% 0.4%
Manufacturing, 10.2%
O,P,Q. Health, 9.6%
Other, 4.3%
O,P,Q. Health, 13.2%
F. Construction, 5.9%
C. Mining &
Manufacturing, 28.8%
M. Education, 6.2%
L. Public, 6.2%
G. Wholesale, 14.9%
M. Education, 9.2%
L. Public, 4.4%
F. Construction, 4.8%
H. Hotels, 2.9%
K. Real Estate, 8.0%
K. Real Estate,
19.5%
I. Transport, 10.5%
J. Financial, 1.8%
I. Transport, 5.3%
J. Financial, 9.3%
G. Wholesale, 16.3%
H. Hotels, 3.3%
Reading
DATA !
Blackburn
GEOGRAPHY !
DEFINITIONS !
2001 – Socioeconomic Group
I. Professional etc.
occupations
II. Intermediate
occupations
III (N). Skilled
occupations – Non
manual
III (M). Skilled
occupations –
Manual
IV. Partly skilled
occupations
V. Unskilled
occupations
NS-SEC 1.1 Employers in large
organisations (L1, L2) (II)
NS-SEC 3. Intermediate
occupations (L7.1-L7.4) (III(N-M))
NS-SEC 6. Semi-routine
occupations (L12.1-L12.7) (III(N),
IV)
NS-SEC 1.2 Higher professional
occupations (L3.1-L3.4) (I, II)
NS-SEC 4. Employers in small
organisation (L8.1, L8.2) (II)
NS-SEC 7. Routine occupations
(L13.1-L13.5) (IV, V)
NS–SEC 2. Lower professional and
higher technical occupations (L4.1L4.4, L5, L6) (II, III(N))
NS-SEC 5. Lower supervisory
occupations (L10, L11.1, L11.2)
(III(M), ,IV)
NS-SEC 8. Never worked and longterm unemployed (L14.1, L14.2)
DATA !
GEOGRAPHY
DEFINITIONS !
2001 – Social class %
1.1 Employers in
large
organisations (II)
1.2 Higher
professional
occupations (I,
II)
7, 7%
2. Lower
professional &
higher technical
occupations (II,
III(N))
3. Intermediate
occupations
(III(N-M))
4. Employers in
small
organisation (II)
5. Lower
supervisory
occupations
(III(M), ,IV)
6. Semi-routine
occupations
(III(N), IV)
1.1, 4%
1.1, 7%
7, 15%
7. Routine
occupations (IV,
V)
1.2, 5%
1.2, 11%
6, 12%
2, 27%
6, 18%
5, 8%
4, 7%
2, 31%
5, 11%
3, 13%
3, 16%
4, 7%
Reading
DATA !
Blackburn
GEOGRAPHY !
DEFINITIONS !
2001- % of people commuting from
outside by social class
1.1 Employers in
large
organisations (II)
1.2 Higher
professional
occupations (I,
II)
2. Lower
professional &
higher technical
occupations (II,
III(N))
3. Intermediate
occupations
(III(N-M))
4. Employers in
small
organisation (II)
5. Lower
supervisory
occupations
(III(M), ,IV)
6. Semi-routine
occupations
(III(N), IV)
1.1
1.1
100%
7
100%
80%
1.2
7
60%
40%
40%
1.2
20%
0%
2
5
6
0%
2
5
3
3
4
4
Reading (51%)
DATA !
80%
60%
20%
6
7. Routine
occupations (IV,
V)
Blackburn (51%)
GEOGRAPHY !
DEFINITIONS !
1971- 2001 rough comparison
Reading
1971
2001
59%
45%
Blackburn
Change
1971
2001
76%
59%
24%
41%
37%
49%
63%
51%
29%
51%
52%
61%
48%
39%
Change
% employment out of total
I to XXIII (1971) & A to I (2001)
14%
XXIV to XXVII (1971) & J to Q (2001)
41%
55%
53%
66%
17%
% of social class of workers out of total
I to III(N) (1971) & 1.1 to 3 (2001)
13%
III(M) to V (1971) & 5 to 7 (2001)
% of workers living outside
47%
34%
36%
51%
65%
76%
15%
12%
22%
% by class of worker living outside
I to III(N) (1971) & 1.1 to 3 (2001)
11%
III(M) to V (1971) & 5 to 7 (2001)
35%
24%
9%
Conclusion
 There has been a shift in both the industries and the social
class structure in both settlements
 Getting a clear picture of the shift requires a translation of both
industrial and social class structure amongst the years
 Commuting patterns have changed in both settlements,
the change in Blackburn has been more pronounced than
the one in Reading
 There is a recurring pattern of commuting for different
class structures that occurs regardless of settlement or
time
DATA !
GEOGRAPHY !
DEFINITIONS !