Transcript CHAPTER 28 Red Flags and Velvet Revolutions: The End of

CHAPTER
Twenty-eight
Red Flags and Velvet Revolutions:
The End of the Cold War, 1960–1990
Introduction
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From certainty to uncertainty
Consensus and fragmentation
Economic crises
Revolts
The collapse of the Soviet Union
Society and Class, 1945–1968
• Economic expansion
• Prosperity brought about population shifts
(Western Europe)
• Importing foreign workers (West Germany
and France)
• Workers from former colonies emigrated to
Britain
• The breakdown of national barriers
Society and Class, 1945–1968
• Social class
• The middle classes
• Growth in numbers of white-collar employees
• The managerial class
• More specialized skills
• The working classes
• Trade unions remained powerful institutions
• Extension of education in western Europe
• Eastern European bloc
Society and Class, 1945–1968
• Mass consumption
• Western Europe
• Households and individuals had more purchasing
power
• Household appliances and cars
• Saving labor and creating a new investment in
domesticity (“more work for mother”)
• A consumer culture
• Credit now seen as a necessary part of life rather than a
stigma
• Eastern European bloc
• Consumption organized by the state
• Determined how consumer goods would be distributed
• Channeled resources into heavy industries
• General shortages of basic necessities
Society and Class, 1945–1968
• Mass culture
• Music and youth culture
• New spending habits
• Music as the cultural expression of the new
generation of youth (1950s)
• Technological changes
• Record players
• Music as the soundtrack of everyday life
• Rock and roll
• Rockabilly
• British invasion
• Woodstock (1969)
Society and Class, 1945–1968
• Art and painting
• The art market boomed
• New York as center of modern art
• Immigration of European artists
• Abstract expressionists
• Jackson Pollock (1912–1956)
• The physical act of painting
• Pop art
• Did not distinguish between the artistic and the
commercial
• The everyday visual experience
• Jasper Johns (b. 1930)
• Andy Warhol (1928–1987)
• Roy Lichtenstein (1923–1997)
Society and Class, 1945–1968
• Film
• Italian neorealists
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Capturing “life as it was lived”
Loneliness, war, and corruption
Shot on location
Frederico Fellini, La Dolce Vita (1959)
Society and Class, 1945–1968
• Film
• French New Wave
• Unsentimental, naturalistic, and enigmatic
social vision
• François Truffaut (b. 1932)
• 400 Blows (1959), The Wild Child (1969)
• Jean-Luc Godard (b. 1930)
• Breathless (1959)
• Raised the status of the director
• The real art was in the director’s hands, not the
script
Society and Class, 1945–1968
• Hollywood and the Americanization of culture
• By the 1950s, Hollywood was making five hundred
films a year
• The Americanization of Western culture
• European fears
• Television
• Everyday life and sociability
• The power of the American corporation
• Rebel Without a Cause (1955)
• Alienation and the dysfunctional family
• Americanization and the U.S. government
• Anticommunism
• Radio Free Europe
• America less a reality than an idea
Society and Class, 1945–1968
• Gender roles and sexual revolution
• Less censorship and fewer taboos
• Kinsey reports (1948 and 1953)
• Made sexuality and morality front page news
• The centrality of sex and eroticism
• Magazines and sexiness
• Health and personal hygiene
• Sexuality as self-expression
Society and Class, 1945–1968
• Gender roles and sexual revolution
• Contraception
• First approved for development in 1959
• Western countries legalized contraception
(1960s) and abortion (1970s)
• Soviet Union legalized abortion in 1950
Society and Class, 1945–1968
• Gender roles and sexual revolution
• Feminism
• Family, work, and sexuality
• Women in the workplace
• Few jobs outside secretarial jobs
• Received lower pay for equal work
• Had to rely on husbands to establish credit
• Self-expression and narrowing horizons
• Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (1963)
• Exploded cultural myths
• Showed how the media shaped (lowered) women’s
expectations
Social Movements during the 1960s
• International social unrest
• The civil rights movement in the United
States
• African American migration from the south
to northern cities
• Rights, dignity, and independence
• Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968)
• A philosophy of nonviolence and civil
disobedience
• Malcolm X (1925–1965)
• Black nationalism
Social Movements during the 1960s
• The antiwar movement
• John F. Kennedy (1917–1963)
• Promised to fight communism
• Advocated free markets and representative
governments for developing nations
• The Peace Corps
• South Vietnam
• Escalation of the war under Lyndon
Johnson
• Stalemate
• Magnified problems at home
Social Movements during the 1960s
• The student movement
• Protest movements had roots in postwar
changes in education
• Lecture halls overwhelmed with students
• The university as “knowledge factory”
Social Movements during the 1960s
• 1968
• Points of contention
• Bureaucracy
• The human cost of the cold war
• The military-industrial complex
Social Movements during the 1960s
• 1968
• Paris
• University of Paris
• Students demanded reforms that would
modernize the university
• Authorities closed down the university
• Students took to the streets
• Parisians and workers sided with the students
• Trade unions went on strike in support
• A weakened Charles de Gaulle
Social Movements during the 1960s
• 1968
• Elsewhere
• Student protests in Germany and England
• The Tet offensive
• Assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and
Robert F. Kennedy
• Democratic National Convention (Chicago)
Social Movements during the 1960s
• 1968
• Prague
• Alexander Dubcěk (1921–1992)
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“Socialism with a human face”
Encouraged debate within the party, artistic freedom, and less censorship
Protest overflowed traditional party politics
• Leonid Brezhnev (1906–1992)
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More conservative than Khrushchev
Less inclined to bargain with the West
Prone to protecting the Soviet sphere of influence
• Prague spring seen as directed against Warsaw Pact and
Soviet security
• Soviets sent tanks into Prague in August 1968
• The Brezhnev Doctrine
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No socialist state to adopt policies endangering the interests of international
socialism
Soviets could intervene if communist rule was threatened
Social Movements during the 1960s
• 1968
• Effects of 1968
• De Gaulle’s government recovered
• Nixon won U.S. election
• United States withdrew from Vietnam (1972–
1975)
• Brezhnev Doctrine
• Eastern European and Soviet dissent defeated
but not eliminated
• Second-wave feminism
• Environmental movement
Economic Stagnation: The Price of Success
• Roots of the problem
• West Germany
• Slowing economic growth
• Demand for manufactured goods declined
Economic Stagnation: The Price of
Success
• Oil
• OPEC (the Organization of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries) countries instituted oil
embargo against Western powers in 1973
• Inflationary spiral
• Interest rates rose along with prices
Economic Stagnation: The Price of
Success
• The turn to the right
• Britain under Margaret Thatcher (b. 1925)
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Curbing trade union power
Cutting taxes to stimulate the economy
Privatizing publicly owned companies
The economy remained weak
Economic Stagnation: The Price of
Success
• European Economic Community (now
the Economic Union, EU)
• Program of integration
• Monetary union with a central European bank
• Single currency
• Unified social policies
Economic Stagnation: The Price of
Success
• Solidarity in Poland (1980)
• Worker’s demands
• Improved working conditions
• Lower prices
• Independent labor unions
Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism
and the End of the Soviet Union
• Gorbachev and Soviet reform
• Mikhail Gorbachev (b. 1931) assumed
leadership of Communist Party in 1985
• Critical of repressive aspects of communism and
the sluggish economy
• Glasnost (intellectual candor) and perestroika
(economic restructuring)
• Called for the shift from a centrally planned
economy to a mixed economy
• Too little, too late
• Ethnic unrest
• Secession movements
Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism
and the End of the Soviet Union
• Eastern Europe after Gorbachev
• Poland—Solidarity launched new wave of
strikes in 1988
• Hungary—new reform government under
the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party
• Purged of Communist members in 1989
• Czechoslovakia
• Demonstrations against Soviet domination
• The Civic Forum—opposition coalition
• Free elections
• Mass demonstrations
• Threats of a general strike
Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism
and the End of the Soviet Union
• Eastern Europe after Gorbachev
• Fall of the Berlin wall
• Severe economic stagnation and environmental
degradation
• Massive illegal emigration of East Germans to
the West
• November 4, 1989—East Germany opened its
border with Czechoslovakia
• November 9, 1989—The Berlin wall was
breached
• A united Germany (October 3, 1990)
Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism
and the End of the Soviet Union
• The velvet revolution
• Romania under Nicolae Ceauşescu (1918–
1989)
• Lithuania and Latvia proclaimed their
independence in 1991
Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism
and the End of the Soviet Union
• The collapse of the Soviet Union
• The failure of perestroika
• The rise of Boris Yeltsin (b. 1931)
• Elected president of the Russian Federation
• Anti-Gorbachev platform
• Mounting protests against slow change (1991)
• Hard-line Communist Party officials planned a coup
against Gorbachev (August 1991)
• The Soviet Union ceased to exist on December 8,
1991
• Gorbachev resigned on December 25, 1991
Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism
and the End of the Soviet Union
• After the fall of the Soviet Union
• Food shortages and the falling value of the ruble
• Free enterprise brought crime, corruption, the black
market, and a lower standard of living
• Yeltsin dissolved parliament in September 1993
• The attempted conservative coup
• Ethnic and religious conflict
• Chechnya (1994)
• Guerrilla warfare and atrocities
Postrevolutionary Troubles:
Eastern Europe after 1989
• The velvet revolution—the dream
• Raised hopes
• Economic prosperity and pluralism
• Joining the West as capitalist partners
Postrevolutionary Troubles:
Eastern Europe after 1989
• The velvet revolution—the reality
• Free market brought inflation,
unemployment, and protest
• The “velvet divorce”
• Slovakia declared its independence from the
Czechs
Postrevolutionary Troubles:
Eastern Europe after 1989
• Yugoslavia
• Uneven economic growth benefited
Belgrade, Croatia, and Slovenia
• Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Kosovo lagged
behind
• Slobodan Milosevic (1941–2006)—Serb
nationalist
Postrevolutionary Troubles:
Eastern Europe after 1989
• Yugoslavia
• Croatia
• Declared its independence from Yugoslavia as a
free, capitalist state
• Catholic Croats
• Orthodox Serbs
Postrevolutionary Troubles:
Eastern Europe after 1989
• Yugoslavia
• Bosnia-Herzegovina
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Ethnically diverse population
Sarajevo home to several ethnic groups
Bosnia attempted to secede from Yugoslavia in 1992
Ethnic cleansing
UN intervention
American air strikes (fall 1995)
• Forced Bosnian Serbs to negotiate
• The Dayton Accords
• Bosnia divided
• Majority of land went to Muslims and Croats
• Three years of war meant 200,000 dead
Postrevolutionary Troubles:
Eastern Europe after 1989
• Yugoslavia
• Kosovo
• Homeland of Christian Serbs, now occupied by
Albanian Muslims
• Terrorist tactics
• Talks between Milosevic and Albanian rebels fell
apart in 1999
• American-led bombing against Serbia and
Serbian forces in Kosovo
• More ethnic cleansing
• The fall of Yugoslavia (2000)
This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint for Chapter 28.
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/wciv_16e/brief