Transcript US Foreign Policy Before World War II

0.9
Sum of cap
CINC Scores as measures of power concentration, 1816-2000
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
abbrev
USA
UKG
RUS
JPN
IND
GMY
GFR
GDR
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1816 1824 1832 1840 1848 1856 1864 1872 1880 1888 1896 1904 1912 1920 1928 1936 1944 1952 1960 1968 1976 1984 1992 2000
FRN
CHN
AUH
"International finance has become so
interdependent and so interwoven with trade and
industry that ... political and military power can in
reality do nothing.... These little recognized facts,
mainly the outcome of purely modern conditions
(rapidity of communication creating a greater
complexity and delicacy of the credit system),
have rendered the problems of modern
international politics profoundly and essentially
different from the ancient.“ – Norman Angell,
1910
Average IGO Memberships
/ byState
1816 - 1910
IGO Membership Normalized
# States, 1815-1910
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Percentage
Percentage
of all countries
of all countries
rated asrated
democratic
as democratic
(with Polity
(withIIIPolity
scoreIII score
above 6 above
out of 610),
out1800-1913
of 10), 1800-1913
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
% States Democratic
1816 - 1913
Per Capita GDP By Region 1820 1913
World Trade Dependence
1816 - 1913
Interdependence?

Exports as % of GDP



FDI as % of GDP



1913: 13%
1992: 14%
1914: 11%
1993: 11%
British-German trade was high

Lloyd’s insured Germany’s ships!
US Foreign Policy Before
World War I
Rhetoric vs. Reality
I. Analysis of Rhetoric
A.
B.
Rhetoric affects perception of reality  often
means rhetoric determines reality
Tools of Rhetoric
1.
2.
3.
Audience analysis – Every speech or writing has
a target in mind. Who is the target?
Elements of Persuasion -- Repetition,
Association (esp. analogies), Omission
Framing – Choice of words causes people to
evaluate facts in a different context (guerillas,
insurgents, terrorists, rebels, or freedom fighters)
C. Foreign Policy Rhetoric
1.
Audience
a.
b.
2.
Domestic – Supporters, Opponents, and FenceSitters
International – Allies, Enemies, and Neutrals
Elements
a.
b.
Use of historical analogies – some analogies
dominate others (e.g. Pearl Harbor, Vietnam)
Repetition of key themes…
II. Debates Over American Foreign
Policy Before World War I
A.
Jefferson
The First Debate (1780s – 1820s):
Jeffersonians vs Hamiltonians
American Trade
Society & Policy
Economy
Defense Alliances
Policy
Rural:
Farming
Defend
exports
Free Trade
France
A.
The First Debate (1780s – 1820s):
Jeffersonians vs Hamiltonians
American Trade
Society & Policy
Economy
Defense Alliances
Policy
Jefferson
Rural:
Farming
Free Trade
Defend
exports
France
Hamilton
Urban:
Industry
Protection
Defend
territory
Britain
Note that different views of American domestic
politics led to different foreign policies!
B. The Second Debate (1830s-1850s):
Manifest Destiny vs Sovereign Equality
Domestic Sovereignty
Freedom
Manifest
Destiny
Slavery
View of Expansion
Unequal:
Liberation: Rescue
US = Chosen inhabitants from
misrule
People
B. The Second Debate (1830s-1850s):
Manifest Destiny vs Sovereign Equality
Manifest
Destiny
Equality
Domestic Sovereignty
Freedom
View of Expansion
Slavery
Liberation: Rescue
inhabitants from
misrule
Unequal:
US = Chosen
People
Abolition Equal:
(Gradual) Expansion =
Aggression
Oppression: Desire
to seize land and
extend slave power
C. The Third Debate (1870s-1910s):
Imperialism vs Anti-Imperialism
American Trade Policy Colonies
Society &
Economy
Imperialists Urban:
Industry
Mercantilism:
Tariffs and
“Open Door”
1.
2.
Ensure respect
Spread US
values
Imperialism: The Proud View
Imperialism: The
Practical View


“Map of the Orient
showing Manila, P.I.
as the Geographical
Center of the
Oriental Commerce
Field”
Published By
Republican National
Committee, 1900
C. The Third Debate (1870s-1910s):
Imperialism vs Anti-Imperialism
American Trade Policy Colonies
Society &
Economy
Imperialists Urban:
Industry
Mercantilism:
Tariffs and
“Open Door”
1.
AntiRural:
Imperialists Farming
Free Trade
1.
2.
2.
Ensure respect
Spread US
values
Create conflict
Corrupt US
values
AntiImperialists:
Questioning
Anglo-Saxon
Superiority
Anti-Imperialists:
Will the World
Corrupt America?
III. Beyond Division: Recurring
Frames of US Foreign Policy Rhetoric
A.
American Exceptionalism: Are we different
from all the other countries?
1.
2.
3.
“City on a Hill” as an image: New England as a
Puritan model to Christianity (1630)
Washington’s Farewell Address: Avoid
entanglement with the corrupt Old World
Monroe Doctrine: Different systems
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
“The political system of the allied powers is
essentially different in this respect from that
of America…. we should consider any
attempt on their part to extend their system to
any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous
to our peace and safety.”
III. Beyond Division: Recurring
Frames of US Foreign Policy Rhetoric
A.
American Exceptionalism: Are we different
from all the other countries?
1.
2.
3.
4.
“City on a Hill” as an image: New England as a
Puritan model to Christianity (1630)
Washington’s Farewell Address: Avoid
entanglement with the corrupt Old World
Monroe Doctrine: Different systems
Used by both sides: support or oppose expansion
Anti-Imperialists: Will the World
Corrupt America?
B. Nonaggression: Are we a peaceful
people?
1.
Declaration Of Independence: Emphasis on
Pattern of Grievances
Declaration of Independence: Text
Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies;
and such is now the necessity which constrains them to
alter their former Systems of Government. The history
of the present King of Great Britain is a history of
repeated injuries and usurpations... To prove this, let
Facts be submitted to a candid world.
(A list of 27 grievances)
In every stage of these Oppressions We have
Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our
repeated Petitions have been answered only by
repeated injury.
B. Nonaggression: Are we a peaceful
people?
1.
2.
Declaration Of Independence: Emphasis on
Pattern of Grievances
Declarations of War – even when not
attacked!
1898: McKinley asks Congress for an
ultimatum to Spain over Cuba
“The spirit of all our acts hitherto has been an earnest,
unselfish desire for peace and prosperity in Cuba,
untarnished by differences between us and Spain and
unstained by the blood of American citizens…”
“The present condition of affairs in Cuba is a constant
menace to our peace…”
“In the name of humanity, in the name of civilization, in
behalf of endangered American interests which give
us the right and the duty to speak and to act, the war
in Cuba must stop…”
B. Nonaggression: Are we a peaceful
people?
1.
2.
3.
Declaration Of Independence: Emphasis on
Pattern of Grievances
Declarations of War – even when not
attacked!
Key Phrases
a.
b.
c.
d.
“Peaceful people”
“Slow to anger”
“Patient suffering”
“Repeated injury”
C. Benevolence: Are we selfless moral
crusaders?
1.
Mexican-American War, 1847
Mexican-American War (1847)


Belief that Mexicans wanted (US-ruled)
liberty instead of (independent) despotism
Aftermath and payment: “We take nothing by
conquest…Thank God.”
C. Benevolence: Are we selfless moral
crusaders?
1.
2.
Mexican-American War, 1847
Strong’s “Our Country” Bestseller, 1885
Strong, 1885:
“This race has been
honored not for its own
sake for the sake of the
world. It has been made
. . . powerful not to
make subject, but to
serve; . . . free not
simply to exult in
freedom, but to make
free; exalted not to look
down, but to lift up.”
C. Benevolence: Are we selfless moral
crusaders?
1.
2.
3.
Mexican-American War
Strong’s “Manifest Destiny” writings
McKinley and Acquisition of the Philippines
McKinley Refuses Filipino
Independence:
“When I next realized that the Philippines had
dropped into our laps I confess I did not know
what to do with them. . . . I went down on my
knees and prayed Almighty God for light and
guidance … And one night late it came to me
this way…there was nothing left for us to do
but to take them all, and to educate the
Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and
Christianize them, and by God's grace do the
very best we could by them, as our fellow-men
for whom Christ also died.”
Filipino War of Independence
(1898-1902)
US suffers
4324 dead,
rebels suffer
20,000 dead.
Civilian
deaths are
more than
200,000.
C. Benevolence: Are we selfless moral
crusaders?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mexican-American War, 1847
Strong’s “Manifest Destiny” writings, 1885
McKinley and Acquisition of the Philippines
Wilson’s 14 points
Wilson’s Fourteen Points Speech
“What we demand in this war, therefore, is
nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the
world be made fit and safe to live in; and
particularly that it be made safe for every
peace-loving nation which, like our own,
wishes to live its own life...”
D. Summary of US Foreign Policy
Rhetoric
1.
2.
3.
America is exceptional: Light unto the world
America is not aggressive: Slow to anger
America is selfless: Seeks only the best for
others
Example: Clinton Speech
Well, are we?