Transcript Fattigdom i kristider?

The growing divide: Poverty in today’s Sweden
The concept, the crisis, and the consequences
Björn Halleröd
Dept. of Sociology
University of Gothenburg
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GDP index (year 2000 = 100) and GDP change (per cent) 1990 – 2012. Figures
for 2010 – 2012 are based on estimates
120.0
6.0
2.0
GDP index
100.0
0.0
80.0
-2.0
GDP change in per cent
4.0
-4.0
60.0
-6.0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
GDP index
GDP change
Source: Statistics Sweden and Government Offices
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240.00
0.350
220.00
0.300
200.00
0.250
180.00
0.200
Gini
Income
Mean and median equivalent disposable income and gini coefficient 19752008 (2007 prices).
160.00
0.150
140.00
0.100
120.00
0.050
100.00
0.000
Income: Mean
Income: Median
Gini
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1975
Källa: Statistics Sweden
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Mean income divided by income deciles 1995 – 2008 and income change (per
cent) between 1991 and 2007.
600
90
80
500
70
Procent
60
300
200
50
40
30
20
100
10
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
SEK *100
400
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Poverty rates according to three different operationalizations (1991, 1995 –
2008)
14
12
10
Per cent
8
Income <60%
Incom below SA norm
6
SA recipients
4
2
0
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1991
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Some complementary indicators of economic
hardship
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
Hard to meet expenses
Economic crisis
Lack of cash margin
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
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Absolute, relative or maybe both?
• Functionings are absolute
• Resurces are relative
• Resources need to be converted into capabilities that enables the
maintainance of functionings that the individual has reason to value.
Resources
Capabilities
Functions
(A. Sen)
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National norm for social assistance. Single adult household 1998 – 2009
(2009 prices).
4000
3500
3000
Kronor
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Källa: Socialstyreslen
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Relative changes of median income and the national norm for social
assitance (1998 – 2009).
140
135
130
1998=100
125
National SA norm
120
Median income
115
110
105
100
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
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Relative poverty rates (<60%) divided by labour market attachment among 20
to 64 years old (1999 – 2008).
70
60
Per cent
50
All 20-64
40
Employed
Students
30
Income maintinance
Not employed
20
10
0
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
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Lack of cash margin and employment status 1986 2007
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
Students
Employed
Early retired/unemployed
15.0
Retired
10.0
5.0
0.0
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Questions to be asked before the election
• To the government:
– If the ‘making work pay’ policy fails, what then?
– The return of the deserving and undeserving poor.
• To the opposition (i.e., social democrats):
– Compared to last time (1994-2006); what will you do
different?
• Research
– Longitudinal data, trying to understand processes
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Sambandet mellan inkomst och att tvingas avstå från konsumtion på grund
av bristande resurser
5
4,5
Predicted value
4
3,5
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
0
1
2
3
4
Equivalent disposable income (100 000 SEK)
5
6
Can't af ford
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