Transcript Slide 1

ME 489 Practices of Modern Engineering
Lecture
April 26, 2011
Cultural dimension:
Yesterday, now or later?
Luis San Andres
Mast-Childs Tribology Professor
Texas A&M University
http://rotorlab.tamu.edu/me489
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Lecture
Date:
Today
Cultural dimensions
Long Term orientation – yesterday, Now or Later?
Differences in thinking between the East and West
China is shrinking the idea of the West!
Last Pick presents….
Assignments & reading:
Be ready to party on Thursday!
Other: complete ONE MINUTE PAPER – complete
rankings of team members
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China
A country with a long-long-long history: dynasties and
empires, a peasant revolution and communism, opened to
global market in early 1980s’
Chinese firsts: block printing, gun powder & rocketry, compass
and watches, etc. Until 18th century more advanced
technologically than the West. China did not have an
industrial revolution.
For centuries Chinese culture (way of thinking) has
influenced greatly the Far East (Japan, Korea, Taiwan,
Hong-Kong, Singapore, etc).
What way of thinking?
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A little about China’s economic growth
2009 GDP US 14 Trillion, China: 4.91 Trillion
Source: The Economist
China overtook Britain and France in 2005 and
Germany in 2007. In 2009, China surpassed
Germany to become the world’s largest exporter. In
2nd quarter 2010, China surpassed Japan as the
world’s second largest economy.
Growth averaged over 10 % for the last 30 years.
The per capita GDP in China is $3.6k in 2009,
one 14th of the $46.k per person output in the
US. Hard currency reserves 2 Trillion
China will surpass the US becoming the world’s
largest economy in 2027. China will be twice as
large as the US economy in 2050
http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=376&catid=9&subcatid=58#04
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Team Alpha reports
2011 GDP US 14 Trillion, China: 9.8 Trillion
Growth remains at 10 %
Average wages GDP $7.4 k (up from $ 5k in
2006).
Largest exporter of goods at ~$1.5 trillion
dollars worth of goods and services with ~20%
going to the USA
Trade balance
Why the fastest
growth on earth?
Low
manufacturing
costs + huge
internal market
(1.5 billion)+
technology
USA: -605 $Bn (Jul 2010) (3.0% GDP Q2)
China: +179 $Bn (Aug 2010) (10.3% GDP)
The Economist
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China economy generates jobs elsewhere
China does not only EXPORT
stuff!
It also imports technology and
services.
The US has a + trade in
particular services (know
how)
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Source: The Economist
The decline of Western science & technology?
GERD: % of GDP on R&D
# technical papers
Asian countries (S Korea and China) are becoming not
just more productive but also developing more
technology. In 2011, China will have more patents than
Japan!
A worry!
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Source: The Economist
Cultural dimensions
1.Power Distance
2.Individualism / Collectivism
3.Masculine / Feminine
4.Uncertainty Avoidance
A 5th dimension appears from
a Chinese Values Survey.
(Uncertainty Avoidance has no
equivalent in CVS)
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind
By Geert Hofstede and Gert Jan Hofstede
More equal than others
I, We, They
He, She, (S)he
What is different is
dangerous
Explains
differences
In thinking
b/w East
and West
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Teachings of Confucius
Pragmatic rules for daily life
1. Society stability is based on unequal relationships
between people
2. Family is prototype of all social organizations
3. Virtuous behavior: do no treat others as one would not
like to be treated oneself
4. Virtue derives from education, hard working, not
spending more than needed, being patient and
persevering
Confucius, C. philosopher (~500 B.C.)
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind
By Geert Hofstede and Gert Jan Hofstede
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Teachings of Confucius
1.Society stability is based on unequal
relationships between people
Must accept differences in status
Basic relationships
father-son,
brother-younger brother,
husband-wife,
senior friend-junior friend
Mutual & complimentary obligations
Respect and obedience
Protection and consideration
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind
By Geert Hofstede and Gert Jan Hofstede
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Teachings of Confucius
2. Family is prototype of all social
organizations
A person is NOT an individual, he/she is a member of a
family.
HARMONY is found when everyone maintains face in the
sense of dignity, self-respect and prestige.
Losing dignity (face) is like losing a nose, etc.
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind
By Geert Hofstede and Gert Jan Hofstede
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Teachings of Confucius
3. Virtuous behavior: do no treat others as one would
not like to be treated oneself.
Keep one’s place, respect authority.
The Golden rule in Western Values: Treat
others as one would like to
be treated
4. Virtue
derives from education, hard working,
not spending more than needed, being patient and
persevering.
Everything must be done in moderation
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind
By Geert Hofstede and Gert Jan Hofstede
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Long Term Orientation (LTO)
The fostering of virtues oriented towards
future rewards – in particular perseverance
and thrift.
The opposite pole (Short TO) fosters virtues
related to the past and present, in particular
respect for tradition, preservation of face, and
fulfilling social obligations
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind
By Geert Hofstede and Gert Jan Hofstede
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http://www.clearlycultural.com/geert-hofstede-culturaldimensions
Long Term
Orientation
Map
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind
By Geert Hofstede and Gert Jan Hofstede
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Long Term Orientation (LTO)
Country SCORE RANK
Future
rewards
Country
SCORE RANK
39 countries
Most Asian
countries
have high LTO
scores
Past & present,
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind
By Geert Hofstede and Gert Jan Hofstede
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Long Term Orientation (LTO)
Explains the difference in thinking between the East and West.
Long term orientation
- persistence
- ordering relationships by status and observing this order
- thrift
- having a sense of shame
Short term orientation
- personal steadiness and stability
- protecting your ‘face’
- respect for tradition
- reciprocation of greetings, favors, and gifts
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind
By Geert Hofstede and Gert Jan Hofstede
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Short-Term O
Long-Term O
Key Differences
LTO
General norm
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind
By Geert Hofstede and Gert Jan Hofstede
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Short-Term O
Long-Term O
Key Differences
LTO
Family
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind
By Geert Hofstede and Gert Jan Hofstede
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Short-Term O
Long-Term O
Key Differences
LTO
School
Remember
“Tiger
Mom” &
US STORM
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind
By Geert Hofstede and Gert Jan Hofstede
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Short-Term O
Long-Term O
Key Differences
LTO
Business &
Economics
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind
By Geert Hofstede and Gert Jan Hofstede
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Short-Term O
Long-Term O
Key Differences
LTO
Religion
&
Way of
Thinking
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind
By Geert Hofstede and Gert Jan Hofstede
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Long Term Orientation vs GNP growth
Note the
emergence of
East Asian
Countries
(S Korea,
Taiwan,
Singapore,
Japan)
GNP/capita
Growth
RATE
Short-term
LTO
Long term
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind
By Geert Hofstede and Gert Jan Hofstede
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Understanding China
Guanxi Ability to forge solid relationships for mutual benefit and
understanding
= BLOOD IS THICKER THAN WATER
Benefits & obligations extend beyond the realm of contracts
and business.
Guanxi links family sphere to the business sphere. In high
LTO societies, having one’s personal network of
acquaintances is essential for success. One’s capital of
guanxi lasts a lifetime, and would not want to damage it for
short-term bottom-line reasons.
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind
By Geert Hofstede and Gert Jan Hofstede
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Guanxi example
guanxi!
(See Corruptions Perceptions Index)
Singapore, Straits Times, October 20, 2009
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GUANXI In China
Huanlin Zhu
April 21
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Guanxi
• Guanxi
---- ?---- Relationship
Ignores the culture implications
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Guanxi
• China -------- originates from agriculture
Tools, Techniques are from parents
• Wars from time to time
Government and society are not stable in
the long history
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Guanxi
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Guanxi
• Fundamental element is family
• Two phrases
Renqing / Personal favors
Lianmian / face
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Guanxi
Personal
favors
important
to maintain
a good
“Guanxi”
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Guanxi
Face
“puff
oneself
up to
one's
own
cost”
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Guanxi
• Establish Guanxi through
Gift giving
Mutual help.
• Guanxi comes along with expectations
and obligations.
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Guanxi
• Better Guanxi, Higher chance to
get promotion, admission, or…
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Practices of
Modern
Engineering
© Luis San Andres
Texas A&M University
2011
http://rotorlab.tamu.edu/me489
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Questions?
Next lecture
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World Values Map
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(not used)
the importance of
education
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Satisfaction with life index
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satisfaction_with_Life_Index
http://www.squarecirclez.com/blog/database-of-happiness/1080
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GINI Coefficient
World CIA Report 2009
A measure of income inequality, the most unequal
society will be one in which a single person receives
100% of the total income and the remaining people
receive none (G=1); and the most equal society will be
one in which every person receives the same income
(G=0).
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