Transcript F.3 Geography Project ‘Rich and Poor’

2002-2003 Form three Geography Project
Topic: “Rich and Poor”
Class: S.3A
Group leader: Li Sing Hei (34)
Group members: Chung Kai Man (28)
Lam Wing Hung (32)
Lau Pui Hoi (33)
Ma Tze Ho (37)
Tam Sze Long (39)
Tang Kwok Hei (40)
Rich and Poor
Content
Which countries we have chosen and why we chose that two countries.
Introduction of the project
Locations of the two countries from world map --- Switzerland and India
Locations and geographic information of the two countries
Major Characteristics of the two countries
Major Characteristics of the two countries---Conclusion
The interrelationship between more developed and less developed countries
The interrelationship between more developed and less developed countries
--- Conclusion
Feelings about the gap between the rich and the poor
Which countries we have chosen and why we
chose that two countries?
We have chosen Switzerland and India for case study.
Why do we choose Switzerland and India for case
studies?
Firstly, Switzerland is one of the most wealthy countries
in the world, however it is not a big countries, We
want to find that why Switzerland can be so wealthy.
Secondly, India has the second-largest population in
the world. We want to find how great pressure of
population growth affect the development of a country.
Also, in spite of the less-developed of India, it has still
become the world’s fastest growth on economy, they
encourage us to study this country.
Introduction of the project
In this project, we are going to show the locations and
geographic information of the two countries that we have
selected for case study
major characteristics of Switzerland and India and we will
analysis them how it affect the development of the countries.
Also, we will discuss the interrelationship between the more and
less developed countries. We will base on the countries that we
have selected
Lastly, we will write down our feelings about the gap between
the rich and the poor.
Locations of the two countries from world map--Switzerland and India
Locations and geographic information of the two countries
Switzerland located in Central Europe, to the east of France and north of
Italy. Its capital is Bern.
Its geographic coordinates are 47 00N, 8 00E.
Its area is 41,290 sq km.
The length of its boundaries is 1,852km., however, it doesn't have any
coastline.
It is in the temperate zone, but its climate varies with altitude.
The national flag
of Switzerland
The map of Switzerland
Locations and geographic information of the two countries
India is in the Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of
Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan. Its capital is New Delhi.
Its geographic coordinates are 20 00N, 77 00E.
Its area of it is 3,287,590 sq km.
The length of Its boundaries is 14,103 km and the coastline is 7,000 km.
Its climate varies from tropical monsoon in the south to temperate in the
north.
The map of India
New Delhi
The National flag of India
Major Characteristics of the two countries
Here is a comparison between the high income countries in the world and
Switzerland, we have chosen several indicators for this research.
Indicators
High income countries Switzerland
Gross National Income per capita (US$) 26,510 (2001)
38,330 (2001)
Population growth (annual%)
0.7 (2002)
0.24 (2002)
Life Expectancy (years)
78.1 (2001)
79.8 (2001)
Value added in agriculture (% of GDP)
2.1 (2000)
1.7 (2000)
Energy use per capita (kg of oil
equivalent)
5,430.4 (2000)
3,704.3 (2000)
Literacy rate (%)
95.2 (2002)
99.0 (2002)
The number of the indicators of Switzerland are higher than the high income
countries. So, we regard Switzerland as wealthy income country.
Major Characteristics of the two countries
Here is the data between the low income countries in the
world and India, several indicators are chosen.
Indicators
Low income countries
India
Gross National Income per capita (US$) 430 (2001)
460 (2001)
Population growth (annual%)
1.8 (2001)
1.5 (2001)
Life Expectancy (years)
58.9 (2001)
63 (2001)
Value added in agriculture (% of GDP)
23.8 (2001)
25.1 (2001)
Energy use per capita (kg of oil
equivalent)
568.6 (2000)
494 (2000)
Literacy rate (%)
63 (2001)
58 (2001)
From the above table, we can see that India’s data are similar
to those of low income countries, so, India is a low income
countries.
Major Characteristics of the two countries
Since Switzerland and India are high income and low income countries
respectively, we therefore try to proof country is more-developed and which
is less-developed.
We also have to use some indicators to identify the development level.
The following tables showing the indicators and the data of the 2 countries.
Development Indicators (economy)
Switzerland
India
Gross National Income per capita (US$)
38,330 (2001)
460 (2001)
Gross National Product per capita (US$)
39,980 (1998)
440 (1998)
Gross Domestic Products (GDP) per capita (US$) 31,700 (2002)
2,540 (2002)
GDP growth rate (%)
4.3 (2002)
2.0 (2002)
Major Characteristics of the two countries
Development Indicators (Human)
Switzerland
India
Population growth (annual %)
0.24 (2002)
1.51 (2002)
Life Expectancy (years)
79.9 (2002)
63.2 (2002)
Value added in agriculture (% of GDP)
1.6 (2001)
25.1 (2001)
Energy use per capita (kg of oil
equivalent)
3704.3 (2000)
494 (2000)
Literacy rate (%)
99.0 (2002)
52.0 (2002)
This table shows that India has a more rapid growth of population.
• However, its life expectancy is much more lower than Switzerland.
• Swiss’s energy use and literacy is also higher than India.
•
Major Characteristics of the two countries
Development Indicators (Technology)
Switzerland
India
Internet Users (per 1,000 people)
527.25 (2002)
6.69 (2002)
Personal computers (per 1,000 people))
540.2 (2001)
5.8 (2001)
Telephones – main line in use (per 1,000
people)
657.35 (2002)
25.82 (2002)
This table shows the technology level of the 2 countries.
We consider that Swiss have more personal computers and more
telephones than Indian. Switzerland also has more internet users.
Major Characteristics of the two countries---Conclusion
According to the development indicators, we can concluded that
Switzerland is a more developed countries and India is a less developed
countries, here are the reasons:
First, the economy in Switzerland is better than that of India. Switzerland is
one of the most wealthy country in the world. However, India’s economy
is growing faster than India, but India is still facing poverty.
Secondly, India is under great population growth, the Indian government
are not able to feed all of the people. Also, the technology level is low and
backward, people produced fewer agriculture products.
Great population
growth
More developed
Thirdly, the Indian government has not enough money for education
and medical service, so the the life expectancy and literacy rate still low.
However, India’s life expectancy has increased since it is higher than
other low income countries of the world. Swiss government has been
introducing the birth control education for many years. So the
Switzerland does not facing population pressure. The high life
expectancy and literacy are given by advanced level of technology and
good education system.
Also, from the telephone, computer and internet user, we can get that
Switzerland has a more advanced technology than India, more than
55% of Swiss has their own computers. This is also given by the high
income of the countries, people can earn more to buy the high-tech
equipment.
Delhi - a crowd city
The interrelationship between more developed and
less developed countries --- 1. Switzerland
In the 18th and 19th centuries, China adopted “close door policy”. It made
China to become a weak and less developed country. It also proved that a
country cannot shut itself in the modern world.
Based on the two countries we have analysis, Switzerland is highly
dependent on foreign trade, both for imports and exports. Switzerland
imports agriculture goods, fuel and mineral form less developed countries
and export manufactured goods to them.
Since Switzerland is hilly, it imports lots of agriculture goods from less
developed countries, e.g. China. However, Switzerland is famous for its
chesses and chocolate.
Alps in Switzerland
Chocolate making in Switzerland
Switzerland generally earn less from exports than it spends on imports.
Despite this deficit on foreign trade, Switzerland maintains a positive
balance of international payments because of the large income it receives
from the payments from services, including international banking, insurance
and tourism.
Like Japan, although raw materials are scarce in Switzerland, the country
has a well-developed manufacturing sector. However, Switzerland’s skilled
workers convert imported raw materials into high-value exports.
Today, heavy engineering and machine building, especially the
manufacture of top-quality custom-built equipment, accounts for a
significant portion of Swiss exports.
Switzerland is the largest producer of textile machinery in the world, also, it
is famous for its watching making industries.
A modern
factory in
Zurich
Clocking-making industry
Multinational corporations such as SWATCH has set up branches in less
developed countries, to lower the land, labour and raw material cost., Also,
less developed countries provide a large market for the goods.
Switzerland is a major international financial center.
International depositors and financiers have long favored Swiss banks
because of Switzerland’s political and monetary stability, experience in
financial matters, and banking secrecy laws.
As Switzerland is a developed countries, money are often borrowed by the
less developed countries, they gain interest from the loans that less
developed countries paid.
Also through the multinational corporations, Switzerland transfer advanced
technology to help the less- developed countries.
Financial Center
in Geneva
A watch made by SATCH
Because of Swiss history of neutrality, Switzerland became the favoured
site of international conferences and the headquarters many
organizations.
In the 19th century, the main office of Red Cross was established in
Geneva, a city in Switzerland. The Red Cross provide emergency aid for
the less developed countries.
In 1920, the headquarters of the League of Nations was set up in Geneva
to keep a peaceful world.
After the WWII, the League was replaced by the United Nations and
nowadays, European headquarter and several of its agencies including
the World Health Organization (WHO) was set in Switzerland.
In 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) set up its headquarters in
Geneva.
Headquarter of Red Cross
Headquarter of
WHO in Geneva
The interrelationship between more developed and less
developed countries --- 2. India
Since the 19th centuries. India had been a British colony. Under the British
ruled, India’s cottage industries and thriving trade were virtually destroyed
and made a way for European manufactured goods, paid for by exports of
agricultural products such as cotton, opium, and tea. The interrelationship
with developed countries began.
At independence in 1947 India was desperately poor. However, the Indian
government promoted self-sufficiency and reduce the dependence on
foreign trade.
In the late 1970s, the government began to reduce the control of the
economy, economic growth improved during this period, as a result of
development projects funded by foreign loans by the developed countries.
Former capital - Delhi
loans
A financial crisis in 1991 stimulated India to carry out economic reforms. The
price of oil rise sharply, India faced a serious imbalanced of payments problem.
India began to obtain emergency loans from the more-developed countries.
Also Indian government carried out economic reforms to remove many
regulations on investment, including foreign investment, and eliminated a
quota system.
With the reforms, India changed from an economy relatively closed to the
global economy to one that is relatively open. As a result, economic growth
improved in a fast speed, from $165 million in 1991 to $600 million in 1997.
The GDP grow rapidly since this few years, in 2000, India have 7.2% of GDP
growth, major came from the agriculture and allied activities.
However, the population growth are very high also, in 2001, the population
of India is 1.027 billion, so it cannot have a high GDP per capita..
After the economic reforms in 1991, India foreign trade improved. In 2000,
India had $50.5 billion in imports and $42.3 billion in exports.
The major imports are petroleum, machinery, iron and steel, cooking oil,
coal, medicinal and fertilizers.
The major exports are jewelry, engineering goods, textiles, chemical goods ,
minerals, leather marine products and agriculture goods.
India is still rely on its agriculture activities apart from manufacturing
industries.
The foreign debts of India are $100.1 billion in 2001, they need more time
to payback, but the first thing need to do is to control the population
growth.
A stock market
in India
Great foreign debts
The interrelationship between more developed and
less developed countries --- Conclusion
Both Switzerland and India are dependent
on foreign trade, they need trade to solve
the economic problems.
More developed countries mainly import
agriculture goods and natural resources
from less developed countries and export
manufactured goods to less developed
countries.
More developed countries need more
natural resources for the manufacturing
industries and to replace the lost from
primary industries. However, the goods
that more developed countries buy from
less developed countries are always
inexpensive. Also, the prices of those goods
are unstable, the less developed countries
will have an unstable income..
Imbalanced trading
On the other other hand, less developed countries have low level of
technology, they cannot produce the manufactured goods that they need,
so they use to buy them from the developed countries in high prices.
Also, as the the products become more high-tech, the prices of the products
may rise rapidly.
As a result, the trade between the developed countries and less developed
countries become imbalanced.
It is unfair to the less developed countries, they has been under poverty,
through the trading, they become poorer and poorer.
Poorer and poorer
Richer and richer
Feelings about the gap between the rich and the poor
From Lau Pui Hoi
Donating money is not the ultimate remedy---providing them with skills
and education for sustainable development can serve the purpose and
to alter the vicious cycle.
Moreover, a better efficiency use and allocation of resources. Within
the developing countries may alleviate the poor living conditions.
For instance the WHO help training up medical personnel to improve
the health condition.
The FAO of the UN can help enhancing its agriculture via advance
technology imported from the developed countries such as the
countries from the west.
The UNICEF instill the method and the knowledge on birth control so
that its population pressure can be lowered.
Specializations and trading on goods with comparative advantages for
both the rich and poor countries can surely increase the world’s total
production.
From Li Sing Hei
After finishing the Geog. Project, I have obtained much knowledge. As
I compare Switzerland(more-developed)and India(less developed), I think
this world is very unfair. Why there are so many poor people in the world?
If every country in the world has the same GDP,will the poor people
disappear? I don’t know,but I hope.
I think the main reason which makes India so poor is because there are
so many people in India,so the government of India cannot have enough
resource to provide education to the people.They have not enough
knowledge and skill to earn money,
How to improve this bad condition?The riches can donate some money
to the poor people. Also,it is better to help people to learn the skills of
making a better living. Lastly,the rich people can send advisors in fields
such as health,education,engineering ,housing and farming to help
training the local people.
I hope there is no poor people in the whole world forever!
From Tang Kwok Hei
I think the gap between the rich and the poor is very wide.How can we
shortened the gap between them?
First, we must donate money to the poor countries.
Secondly the rich countries should some advisors to introduce some
measures to improve the government efficiency. Also the president of the
poor country should have confidence to destroy corruption. Otherwise, it
is difficult to develop the country.
Thirdly, transfer some technology to the citizens of the poor country. If we
just donate money to them, this is not a long term plan.
Also, we need educate the citizens of poor countries. Teach them to
control the population growth. Therefore, the government can plan the
budget on another aspects, such as, investing money on new technology.
Fifthly, through diplomatic negotiation,communication, it will lower the
chance of having a war. Since wars can bring about destructions, lower
the development rate .
At last, if there is natural hazards, the United Nations should take part in
the aid. I hope the poor can become rich within 30 years.
From Tam Sze Long
In this PowerPoint ,we can know that
Switzerland is a very high income country. The
GDP of India is very low, about 25.1% of its GDP
comes from the agriculture sector. Many people
suffer from a hard life. The technology growth is
very low. Low income, high birth rate, short life
expectancy and low education level is the
problem of India.
There are more poor people in the world, I
suggest the rich countries to help the poor
countries through donation . And also they can
invest in the poor countries. Poor countries can
introduce some policies to improve people’s
living standard.And control the population
growth. Give more money for education and to
develop the technology to improve the people’s
life. This is all my ideas.
From Lam Wing Hung
•
From our powerpoint, we can see that the great differences between
the 2 countries. Switzerland is very rich and India is very poor. And
because of this, the development speed between them are also very
different . This situation is very similar to the other rich and poor
countries. The rich countries have enough money for development, so
they grow very fast. On the contrary, poor countries don’t have enough
money for development, so they develop slowly. This is the reason why
the gap between them is very big.
•
I think that if we want the gap becomes closer, the developed countries
can not only donate money to the developing countries. Besides, they
should also transfer their technology, provide education to the people
and invest money in the developing countries. So that they can have a
long term development .
From Ma Tse Ho
Through this project, I know that the rich
and poor problems are very serious.
Switzerland is not only rich, and its people
are well-educated as well. They enjoy a high
living standard. However, India is very poor
with a high population and poor living
condition. How the solve the gap between
the rich and poor? I think the rich countries
should donate money to help the poor ones.
Besides, they can transfer technology to
improve their living quality. Also, they can
promote more new education plans, so that
their students can know more about the
world as well as helping the government.
This is all my opinion.
From Chung Kai Man
After doing the project, I discovery that more
developed countries and less developed countries
have a great distance.
So, we have to help less developed countries, but we
are only students, what can we do? I think the most
useful way for us is donate some money and
necessities to them. Then what can more developed
countries do? They can do some investments in less
developed countries and teach them new technology.
Also, they can help less developed countries to
improve their educational level.
But, if all less developed countries become more
developed countries, is this good? I think not, because
if all are more developed countries, the demand of
raw materials will become very high, there are not
enough raw materials. And this will intensify the
competition between all countries, so it is not so good.
Finally, I hope all the people in the world will not
suffer a hard life anymore.
This is the end of our project.
Wish poverty can be destroyed by all of us.