Transcript Slide 1

Ira A.
FULTON
Schools of Engineering
Global Challenges in Industrial Engineering and
Operations Management for the 21st Century
Ronald G. Askin, Professor and Director
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Arizona State University
Tempe, AZ 85287-8809 USA
[email protected]
Overview
•On-going global manufacturing and economic activity trends
•Where US manufacturing research and activity are headed
•What are the implications/opportunities for IEs globally?
• Where is IE’s future
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Arizona and ASU
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Shaping the World
Environment
and Nature
Politics
and
Cultures
Economics
and
Ingenuity
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Manufacturing Trends and Status Today
• Global Production/Supply Networks
• Transit costs and speeds changing slowly
• Raw material availability, labor costs, markets vary globally
• Information access is level; education becoming level
•Transition from Mechanical/Physical to Electrical/Info Dominance
• Green for Sustainability (Financial and Environmental)
• Health applications are growing markets
• Nanomaterials are solutions on the horizon
Manufacturing Creates Wealth!
Services fleetingly facilitate life but limit wage growth due to
standardization, scalability and automation difficulty.
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Globalization!
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Intel Wafer Fab and Test/Assembly Facilities
It’s Markets, Resources and Economics
Fab
Assembly/Test
Region
Asia/Pacific
Americas
Europe
Japan
Revenue
51%
20%
19%
10%
www.worldatlas.com
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
WTO: Peace and Prosperity Through Cooperative Commerce
WTO: A system of trading rules and forum for intergovernmental negotiation
153 Member Countries, 30 Accessions (in process) in 2009
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Why is US IE Changing So Much So Fast?
•Thomas L. Friedman, Hot, Flat and Crowded
-Level playing field through logistics and global connections (web)
-American expectations for good wages, clean jobs/environment
- High competition
outsourcing, off-shoring
• Opportunity of new science – bio, info, nano
• Growth of service expenditures (health care, finance)
• Dragged along by our engineering counterparts
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
But are We Changing?
•Of Top 20 Ranked Schools
Industrial and Systems Engineering
Industrial and Operations Engineering
Industrial Engineering and Operations Research
Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Management Science and Engineering
Industrial Engineering and Management Science
Operations Research and Information Engineering
Industrial and Systems Engineering
Industrial and Systems Engineering
Industrial and Systems Engineering
Industrial and Systems Engineering
Industrial and Systems Engineering
Industrial and Systems Engineering
Industrial and Systems Engineering
Industrial Engineering and Operations Research
Industrial and Systems Engineering
Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Operations Research/Industrial Engineering
Industrial, Systems and Operations Engineering
•IIE Members vote Down Name Change in 2009
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Industrial Engineering in the US
– Past and Present
1910
2010
New Markets Outside of Manufacturing
We’ve grown out but have we grown up?
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
The Scientist/Engineer Today
The Doctor
The Civil Engineer
Realtime tracking
(Cameras, GPS)
CAT Scan
PET Scan
Embedded structural
health monitoring/control
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Revolutionary Change in Technology
Human
Genome Decoding
Moore’s Law
n
n
n
1990: $3B, 13 yrs
2009: $350k, 13 weeks
2015: $300, 13 min.
Gordon Moore's original graph from 1965
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
The IE Today
Maximize Z 
D
T
I
 w
itd
Zitd
d 1 t 1 i 1
Subject to:
I
J
 c Y
ij ij
B
i 1 j 1
Zi td 
1

i2 jSi1td
Yi j  0
2
Yij  0, 1
0  Zitd  1
i1  I , t  T , d  D
 iI , jJ
http://www.strategosinc.com/value_stream_mapping1.htm
 i  I ,t T , d  D
Methods have stagnated.
Remaining traditional Manufacturing opportunities in US are limited.
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
IEs Improve Integrated Systems
Today’s systems are complex and integrated. Why aren’t
we flourishing most in complex environments?
Have we changed at the same rate as others
over the past 30 years?
How must faster/better/cheaper can we define, model, and
improve a system today than in 1979?
While the world became a ubiquitous information,
global society, IE found better icons for flowcharts!
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Where Could/Should We Be?
•Virtual Reality Models of Systems – miniature Ron sits on the
part and flows through the machine and plant
•Virtual Reality Models of datasets with automated coloring,
sizing for outliers
•Automated Simulation/Optimization Models from Capital
Asset files
•Automated model decomposers, data cleaners and
preprocessors
•Full data history on shop and order status with real-time
planning updates – customers manage their orders.
We’re too Cheap!
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
The Prevailing Business Attitude
Phil Knight, Founder of Nike
“There is no value in making things any more. The
value is added by careful research, by innovation, and
by marketing.”
Deputy Director, DARPA 7/19/2010
“To innovate we must make.”
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
World Gross Domestic Product
GDP by Region
40000
CONSTANT 1990 US BILLIONS
35000
30000
25000
Africa
Asia
20000
Central America
Europe
15000
North America
South America
10000
World
5000
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2008
YEAR
Data Source: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/dnlList.asp
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
GDP – Asia
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
GDP per Capita-Global Wealth Distribution
GDP / Population
$35,000
1990 USD Per Capita
$30,000
Africa
$25,000
Asia
$20,000
Central/Latin
America
Europe
$15,000
North America
$10,000
World
$5,000
$0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008
YEAR
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
GDP/Capita – Asia and US
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
GDP Growth Rate: Current GDP/1970 GDP
8
Manufacturing Growth Rate by
Region
7
GDP Growth Rate by Region
5
Africa
4
Asia
Central
America
Europe
3
2
1
0
YEAR
North
America
South
America
World
6
Africa
5
Asia
GROWTH RATE
GROWTH RATE
6
4
Central
America
3
Europe
2
1
North
America
0
South
America
World
YEAR
Asia Rising,
Europe Falling
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Export Dependence by Region
Total Exports/GDP by Region
Asia growing rapidly
0.6
PERCENTAGE
0.5
0.4
Africa
Asia
0.3
Central
America
Europe
0.2
North America
South
America
World
0.1
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2008
YEAR
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Export Importance by Country
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Trends in Interdependency
Total Imports/GDP by Region
0.7
PERCENTAGE
0.6
0.5
Africa
0.4
Asia
Central America
0.3
Europe
North America
South America
0.2
World
0.1
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2008
YEAR
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Import Percentages by Country
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Import Export Growth Rates
Export Growth Rate by Region
25
Import Growth Rate by Region
20
Africa
Asia
GROWTH RATE
15
10
5
0
197019751980198519901995200020052008
YEAR
20
18
Africa
16
Asia
14
Central
12
America
Europe 10
8
North
6
America
4
South
America 2
0
World
Central
America
Europe
North
America
South
America
World
YEAR
Central America Gaining Net Surplus
Asia Expanding Activity Rapidly
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Observations
US has room to consume more of the world’s goods
US spends most on services, not products
Central America and Europe highly dependent on trade
 US, Japan and South America too insular?
 Japan continuing to wane
 Growth linked to global trade, particularly for small economies
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
What’s the Role and Impact
of Manufacturing?
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Global Manufacturing Growth
Manufacturing by Region
9000
CONSTANT 1990 US BILLIONS
8000
7000
Africa
6000
Asia
5000
Central America
Europe
4000
North America
3000
South America
2000
World
1000
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
YEAR
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
1995
2000
2005
2008
Europe, No. America
losing ground;
Asia gaining
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Manufacturing Activity by Country
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Manufacturing Importance by Region
Manufacturing/GDP by Region
0.35
Asia
Gaining
0.3
Africa
0.25
Asia
Central America
Europe
North America
0.2
South America
World
0.15
No./So. America ,
Europe losing ground
0.1
1970
1975
1980
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2008
World relatively constant
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Manufacturing Production per Capita
Manufacturing / Population
$6,000
Africa
1990 USD Per Capita
$5,000
Asia
$4,000
Central America/Latin
America
$3,000
Europe
$2,000
North America
World
$1,000
$0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008
YEAR
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Surprising relative growth
consistency except Africa
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Manufacturing per Capita by Country
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Population Growth Rates
Population Data by Year
8,000,000,000
7,000,000,000
Africa
6,000,000,000
Asia
POULATION
5,000,000,000
Europe
4,000,000,000
North America
3,000,000,000
Latin America /
Central America
World
2,000,000,000
1,000,000,000
0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008
YEAR
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Despite problems, Africa
is growing fastest
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Population Growth Rates – Focus on Asia
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
The Rapidly Changing Landscape
Companies brace for end of cheap made-in-China era
By ELAINE KURTENBACH, AP Business Writer Elaine Kurtenbach, Ap Business Writer
– Thu Jul 8, 12:57 pm ET
SHANGHAI – Factory workers demanding better wages and working conditions are
hastening the eventual end of an era of cheap costs that helped make southern
coastal China the world's factory floor. A series of strikes over the past two months
have been a rude wakeup call for the many foreign companies that depend on
China's low costs to compete overseas, from makers of Christmas trees to
manufacturers of gadgets like the iPad. Where once low-tech factories and scant
wages were welcomed in a China eager to escape isolation and poverty, workers are
now demanding a bigger share of the profits. The government, meanwhile, is pushing
foreign companies to make investments in areas it believes will create greater wealth
for China, like high technology. shifting production to the inland areas …Massive
investments in roads, railways and other infrastructure are reducing the isolation of
the inland cities.
Maybe, but the growing market is still there!
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
US Industry Activity – Percent of GDP*
Where will these lines go from here?
0.3
0.25
Agriculture
0.2
Manufacturing
Retail trade
0.15
Logistics
Information
0.1
Finance, insurance
Health care
0.05
1947
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
0
* US Dept of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
US Manufacturing Future
• Focus on design (shorter product life cycles, more customized
demands as choices proliferate)
• Focus on green manufacturing (sustainability)
• Focus on low volume, high precision, high tech products
• Focus on developing and using nanomaterial processes –
atomic scale layered composites
• Focus on renewable energy power sources
•Focus on defense industry
• High volume only when automated (low volume and product
flexibility relative to labor at least for awhile longer)
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
World wide Opportunities –
Successful Approaches (Business 101)
• Identify competitive advantage (low cost of labor, primary materials)
• Identify market needs and means
• Ensure adequate infrastructure
• Find investors – gov’t, banks, parent companies
• Focus on a core
automotive parts assembly in Mexico first,
then build up to aerospace parts
• Low Cost Assembly originally in Asia (Is Africa the future?)
• Global Production 
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Global Wealth 
Logistics Dominance
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Where Do Manufacturers Build?
• Close to Raw Material and Parts Suppliers
• Close to Customers
• Adequate Labor Supply and Low Labor Rate
• Adequate Transportation Network (Air, Rail, Shipping, Roads)
• Favorable Community/Tax Situation
• Access to Utilities (power, water)
• Possible risk mitigation driven facility distribution
• Limited cultural/political hurdles
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
US National Academy of Engineering
Grand Challenges
n
n
Web page: http://www.engineeringchallenges.org/
View video (6 min)
14 Grand Challenges for the 21st Century
Make solar energy economical – less than 1% today but large potential
Provide energy from fusion – develop scalable, envir. benign method
Provide access to clean water – affordable and available for all
Reverse engineer the brain – combining engineering and neuroscience
Advance personalized learning – speeds, styles, content for individual
Develop carbon sequestration methods – capture and store excess CO2
Restore and improve urban infrastructure – better design and materials
for transportation, water, waste, power, etc. for livable cities
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
NAE Grand Challenges cont.







Engineer the tools of scientific discovery – blending of engr. & science to
explain nature
Advance health informatics – better everyday care and preventing bio
attacks/pandemics
Prevent nuclear terror – protect society from increasing risks and proliferation
Engineer better medicines – body sensing, personalized drugs, delivery
methods
Enhance virtual reality – for training, treatment, communication, and
entertainment
Manage the nitrogen cycle – better fertilization techniques and
recapture/recycle
Secure cyberspace – protect essential infrastructure
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
IIE Fellows: Grand Challenges for Industrial Engineering
Fellows Report:
http://www.iienet2.org/uploadedfiles/IIE/News/Grand%20Challenge%201.pdf








Reengineering Health Care Delivery
Creating a Technology Oriented Culture
Engineering a Sustainable Society
Developing Better Decision Tools
Mitigating and Responding to Disasters
Point of Use Manufacturing
Infrastructure
Food Security
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
1. Reengineering Healthcare Delivery:
An Integrated Approach
The Problem







Demographics: Young and poor are fastest growing
segment, U.S. and worldwide
Number of senior citizens growing fast (and baby
boomers won’t go gently into the night)
Healthcare is largest U.S. industry
Health care inflation rate 3 times overall rate
Woeful under investment in info technology
Excessive waste
Medical info and treatment increasingly technologyenabled
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
1. Reengineering Health Care
The IE Role



Individual care needed – risk analysis, modeling/mining
genomic info, personalized treatment scripts, safety/quality in
individual led treatment
System improvements needed – QC, logistics, info technology,
provider collaboration hierarchically and vertically, financial
system and models
Science advances needed – treatment protocols, data
mining/bioimaging, human sensing
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
2. Creating a Technology Oriented Society
The Problem





Body of tech knowledge growing rapidly
System size and complexity growing rapidly
(U.S.) relatively wealthy – life is easy
Many of brightest youth pursue pursue law, business
U.S. youths perform poorly in math/science
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
2. Creating a Technology Oriented Society
The IE Role

Get the word out about opportunities and need

Optimize available human resource

Jazz up what we do
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
3. Engineering a Sustainable Society
The Problem





U.S. population will double this century
World population will more than double
Over 50% now live in urban areas
Wealth increases ecological footprint
Climate change will change geographic resource availability
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
3. Sustainable Society
The IE Role




Need sustainable transportation systems
Efficient/effective governmental services – judicial,
social security, police/fire
Designing scalable urban environments
Designing efficient community structures connecting
urban (production, consumption) to rural (raw materials)
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
4. Develop Better Decision Making Tools
The Problem




Modeled entities are growing in size
Models are expensive to build, hard to sell
Models are limited in scope, life-span
Organizations have vertical and horizontal
boundaries (multiple constituencies)
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
4. Better Decision Making Tools
The IE Role









Better, more fully deployed, and relevant sensors
Models to fuse, validate and evaluate data/information
Improved models of human behavior
Enrich “Rational” models with subjective behavior
Risk analysis and interaction models of tightly coupled massive
technology-oriented systems and their failure modes/scenarios
Rapid modeling and computational tools
Scalable, maintainable, rapidly developable models
More understandable models/More valid models
Human embedded modeling paradigms and tools (immersion
and visualization)
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
5. Mitigating and Responding to Disaster
The Problem

Natural and man-made disasters are happening more
frequently

Societal expectation is for safer lives, quicker emergency
care

Larger urban regions, tightly-coupled specialized lives, and
climate change lead to more susceptible systems and larger
scale impacts
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
5. Mitigating Disaster
The IE Role







Optimal deployment of detection technologies (natural and
competitive games)
Optimization of emergency response resource positioning
and deployment
Managing transition from search to rescue to recovery and
care
Integrated communications, logistics, and decision making
Real-time decision making with various info levels
(resilient planning and control)
Resilient system(s) design
Optimal deployment and use of sensing technology and
risk assessment models
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
6. Point of Use Manufacturing
The Problem

Demand for Customized Products

Demand for Sustainable Manufacturing/Distribution
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
6. Point of Use Manufacturing
The IE Role




Distributed (home) or neighborhood manufacturing
New process development for solid free form fabrication
Development of nano and mega technology for point of
use production
Design of infrastructure for material delivery, user-driven
design
“It’s Not Easy Being Green”
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
7. Infrastructure Construction
The Problem

Time to revolutionize infrastructure construction
(progress has lagged)

Construction inefficient and quality variable
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
7. Infrastructure Construction
The IE Role

Take advantage of advances in computing, robotics,
materials, and management science to reduce cost, time,
injuries, environmental impact

Design smarter structures

Determine optimal investments for infrastructure $

Allow maintainable, culturally appropriate, ergonomically safe
construction methods and system designs

Why Can’t we manufacture structures in factories for field
assembly with higher quality and productivity?
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
8. Safe, Available, Affordable Food & Water
The Problem





Population growth, changing weather patterns, political strife,
man-made biohazards, natural biohazards threaten worldwide
Current cultivation practices not sustainable and use nonrenewable resources
Profits vs. Politics vs. Social Good
Standard procedures, testing and traceability needed across food
supply chain
Procedures for local food production and security needed
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
8. Safe, Available Food and Water
The IE Role



Develop traceable supply and distribution networks (RFID,
imaging, procedures, etc.)
Design and deploy maintainable solutions
Perhaps assist in governmental planning for development
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
What Constitutes IE?
IE Today





Manufacturing planning (process
planning, tooling design/maintenance)
Production operations (planning,
scheduling, quality assurance, material
handling)
Engineering management (engineering
economics, product services, facilities
design/mgmt., distribution/logistics)
System modeling (information
systems/flow, modeling and simulation)
Ergonomics/Human Factors
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
IE Tomorrow
•Additions?
•Deletions?
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Industrial Engineer 21st Century
We are the
Information
Preparer
We are the Data
Hunter/Gatherer
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Conclusions

We are needed but we must Wander or Wither

We must Revolutionize on a Bigger, Broader, Faster
Scale

We must integrate our strengths – humans, math
models, computing, big picture/multiobjective comfort
level, efficiency mindset
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
The Big Picture
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Questions/Comments/Complaints?
Ron Askin
School of Computing, Informatics, and
Decision Systems Engineering
[email protected]
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011
Futurizing the BSIE Curriculum










Greater emphasis on global cultures
Learning to serve on multidisciplinary, multicultural, politically
pressured teams
Must bring unique value to the team (Systems thinking, Project
Management, Multiobjective Dec. Making, Dealing with Complexity &
Uncertainty)
Dynamic, Nonlinear, Continuous Large-Scale Modeling (Not just
Discrete Event Simulation and Desk Top LP)
Understanding Human Behavior and Preferences (Beyond HF)
Risk Management and Mitigation as an integral activity
Broader Science Knowledge (Biology, Ecology)
Sophisticated Information Technology Users (Sensor Capability &
Network Design; Data  Information  Decision Systems)
Systems Modeling of Urban Environments, Infrastructure
Broader Mindset of Major Societal Impact and Socio-Technical
Problem Solving (not just making widgets)
What’s Your Ten?
School of Computing, Informatics,
and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur,
January 2011