Transcript Слайд 1 - ПИР

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization:
Maintaining Cyber Security
in the Central Asia and Beyond
Oleg Demidov, CSCAP Russia
Bengaluru, 2011
General Info
Intergovernmental regional
organization
Successor of the
Shanghai Five grouping
since 2001
Membership: Member
States, Observer States,
Dialoue Partners
(Sri-Lanka, Belarus’
since 2009),
Guest Attendances
(ASEAN, CIS,
Turkmenistan).
Milestones
The first steps:
1. The Shanghai five Grouping - April
26, 1996 (border issues);
2. 15 June 2001: Declaration of
Shanghai Cooperation
Organization;
3. July 2001: Treaty of
Good-Neighbourliness and
Friendly Cooperation
Structure
Cyber Security Agenda?
Potential
Population:
1548 mln people (22,2 percent of the world’s
population (3021 mln or43,4 % with Observer
States or of the world’s population);
Territory:
30,2 mln km2 (37,5 km2 with observer states);
GDP (PPP), expected in 2011:
$13 trln in 2011 or nearly 18 % of the world’s
total GDP (PPP) ;
Number of internet users:
- 529 mln or 26 % of the world’s total in 2010;
- 87 % of those being Chinese users, expected
growth in 2011 -16 %;
- Low level of internet penetration (<40%)
Security Cooperation
• Shift from border security issues to broader cooperation in stabilizing
the Central Asia.
• Adoption of the SCO Convention on Counterterrorism (2009).
• Coordination on reforming the UN mechanisms.
• Confirmation of NPT and The Central Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone
(CANWFZ).
• Joint military exercises – “NORAK-Anti-Terror (April 2009). But the
Russian-Chinese Peace Mission exercises are held outside of the SCO.
• Elaboration of mechanisms for anti-drug cooperation.
• Coordination of Afghanistan agenda.
Economic & Cultural Cooperation
Economy, energy & trade:
• Trade: Chinese proposal of free-trade area
• New SCO Stabilization fund: $10 billion
• Finances: Interbank Consortium, actions against
global financial crisis (Chinese loans)
• Energy: joint resources projects (oil, gas, water)
Culture: Arts, festivals, exhibitions (largely symbolic)
SCO and CSTO Models
Forum for
Nations
Single Actor
Policy, energy, economy, new threats
Military alliance, security
Functions
1. The SCO = Political and Diplomatic Coordination Forum;
2. The SCO = Economic Alliance;
3. The SCO = Energy “Club”;
_ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _
BUT!
1. The SCO is not a military alliance
2. The SCO is not a hard security community, it has been
dealing only with “the new threats”
Cyber Security Agenda
- Not a part of the SCO’s
major agenda before
2006;
- Starting point - October
2006, founding meeting
of the SCO Group of
Governmental Experts in
Cybersecurity;
Initial Functions:
- To provide an alternative
tribune for Russian
initiatives on IIS
regulation;
- To be a “minimum
denominator”
harmonizing the three
forces’ agenda;
Context: Failure of the
Russian initiatives on IIS
in the UN
Major Developments
1. The 7th council meeting of the SCO Heads of State held on
August 16 in Kyrgyzstan.
“The SCO Member States Action Plan to Safeguard IIS”
adopted.
2. The Council of the Heads of the member States in
Dushanbe, August 2008.
Joint communiqué: The member states “considered it
expedient to draft an intergovernmental agreement in the SCO
framework in the field of international information security”
“with the aim of creating legal framework for cooperation in
this field”.
Yekaterinburg Accord
Intergovernmental Agreement of the SCO
member states on cooperation in providing IIS
- Adopted on 16 June 2009;
- Came into effect on 2 June 2011 after ratification by 6
member states;
- Basically deals with cyberwars and use of ICT in order
to affect national interests;
- Terminology and concepts similar to those proposed
by Russia during the UN GEG and HLEG meetings
since 1998;
- Might be regarded as a blue-print for a comprehensive
regional treaty on cybersecurity
Yekaterinburg Accord
Common agenda with the CSCAP:
1. Threats of natural or man-induced character to
secure and stable operation of global and national
information infrastructure
2. Information crime
3. The document is open for any other states to join
Matrix for CS Agenda
1. Citizens VS Citizens =
2. Cybercrime
2. Citizens VS States = Cyber Crime or
Cyber Terrorism
CSCAP
3. States VS Citizens = ?
Attacks again bloggers by hacker
teams from pro-governmental
youth movements in Russia
4. States VS States = Cyber Conflicts
SCO
Recent Initiatives
1. SCO summit in Astana on 2.
15-16 June 2011:
- strengthening cooperation
on internet security issues ; - strengthening state control
over the internet (impact of
the Arab spring);
The Kazakh President
Nazarbaev :
- The idea of SCO “cyber
police” (not put into effect)
September 2011, regional
anti-terrorism meeting in
Beijing:
Call to further strengthen
their cooperation to fight
cyber terrorism and online
terrorist financing;
Major roots of these evils:
free access, lack of
supervision, anonymity and
unlimited information
dissemination
IIS Code of Conduct Initiative
• 4 SCO members: the letter from 12 September 2011 to the UN SecretaryGeneral
• Draft: International code of conduct for information security
• Purpose: ”…to identify the rights and responsibilities of States in information
space, <...> and enhance their cooperation in addressing the common
threats and challenges in information space…”
(a) Impact of the Arab spring;
(b) Proves Russian leadership and dominating approach in reference to this
initiative;
(c) The three forces directly from the SCO agenda;
(g) Call for taking away control over root servers from ICANN to the UN;
(h) A novative element both for Russia and the SCO - referrence to ”IS culture”
Conclusion: the Draft largely goes beyond the scope of the discussion
CSTO&CIS Contribution
CSTO: PROKSI operations
(“Countering crime in the
information sphere”) –
over 1700 websites revealed
in 2009.
CIS:
- The Information Security
Concept of CIS elaborated in
2007;
- Strategy for the CIS member
States’ cooperation in the sphere
of informatization and its
Action plan adopted in 2010
Conclusions:
the SCO’s Cyber Security Agenda
A) Not a common minimum denominator anymore;
B) Cyber conflicts and nation states’ behavior in
cyber space at the core of the cyber security
agenda;
C) Attention to cyber terrorism and cyber crime
largely through the lens of the three forces;
D) A profound lack of multistakeholderist approach;
E) Potential site for a comprehensive cybersecurity
strategy for the CA to be elaborated and adopted
Recommendations for CSCAP
1. To move cooperation with SCO to systemic ground by
arranging regular meetings with SCO representative in
order to discuss and elaborate common agenda for cyber
terrorism, cyber crime and to negotiate possible steps to
forge international information security regime in the Asia
Pacific by joint efforts.
2. To examine thoroughly the Information Security Policy
Agreement of 2009 as an example of legally binding
international act addressing major cyber security issues,
and as a possible blue-print for a comprehensive regional
cyber security strategy in the Central Asia.
Thank you for your attention!