Transcript MIGRATION DEVELOPMENT AND REMITTANCES IN THE LDCs …

MIGRATION DEVELOPMENT
AND REMITTANCES IN THE
LDCs CONTEXT
“MAINSTREAMING MIGRATION, DEVELOPMENT AND
REMITTANCES AT THE COUNTRY LEVEL: CHALLENGE
FOR LESOTHO AND OTHER LDCs
UNHQ NEW YORK
June 17, 2010
Dr. Mothae Anthony Maruping, Ambassador Lesotho in Geneva
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
1
LACK OF DATA:
ESPECIALLY IN LDCs
UP-TO-DATE, ADEQUATE & RELIABLE DATA: MAJOR
CHALLENGE IN LDCs
ANALYSTS , POLICY MAKERS & POLICY
IMPLEMENTORS ARE “DRIVING IN THE DARK IN
RUGGET TERRAIN”
DATA ON MIGRATION & REMITTANCES IS OFTEN:
- SCARCE OR UNAVAILABLE
- INCOMPLETE
- INACCURATE/UNRELIABLE
FORCES RESORT TO:
June 17 2010
- interpolations
- extrapolations
- guestimates
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
2
NEED TO RETURN TO PLANNING PROCESS:
ESPECIALLY IN LDCs
• Policy Framework Papers (PFPs)
• Medium Term Public Expenditure Frameworks
(MTEFs)
• Poverty Reduction Strategies Papers (PRSP); etc
All tended to replace Sound Planning Process in Most
LDCs
NEED TO RETURN TO:
• STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK ( LONG TERM)
• ACTION PLAN ( MEDIUM TERM), and
• COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAMMES OF ACTION (AN
EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION TOOL)
BUT CAN STILL CONTINUE WITH PFPs MTEFs PRSPs etc
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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REVIVAL OF THE LEGITIMATE ROLE OF
STATE
GLOBAL FINANCIAL & ECONOMIC CRISES REVEALED
• Vulnerability brought about by excessive
liberalisation
• Need for reinstating legitimate role of the State in the
economy:
- regulation & supervision
- functional state institutions (with
satisfactory service delivery)
- credible enabling legal framework
- forging partnerships with the private
sector (PPPs) as partners in development
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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HETEROGENEITY OF LDCs
• LDCs ARE HETEROGENEOUS
• CLASSIFICATION OF LDCs INTO AFRICAN, ASIAN, PACIFIC,
SERVES NO USEFUL PURPOSE FOR UN LDCs IV
• LDCs ECONOMIES DIFFER IN:
- LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT
- STRUCTURE
- RESOURCE ENDOWMENT
- MODE OF FUNCTIONING
- MOMENTUM/DYNAMISM
LDCs CAN BE: - LANDLOCKED OR SEALOCKED
- HAVING A LARGE OR VERY SMALL POPULATION
- POST – CONFLICT BUT RESOURCE ENDOWED
- PART OF DYNAMIC REGIONAL INTEGRATION GROUPING, ETC
CLASSIFY LDCs ACCORDING TO THEIR CHARACTER NOT REGIONS!
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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MULTIPLE CRISES FACED BY LDCs
LDCs HAVE FACED MULTIPLE CRISES:
•
•
•
•
•
SOVEREIGN DEBT CRISIS
FUEL PRICES CRISIS
FOOD PRICES CRISIS
CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGES
GLOBAL FINANCIAL & ECONOMIC CRISES
YET LDCs ARE THE LEAST EQUIPPED TO COPE WITH LONG
LASTING ADVERSE EFFECTS OF THESE CRISES
THESE CRISES WERE NOT INITIATED BY LDCs
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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TYPE OF ECONOMIC GROWTH DESIRED
BY LDCs
LDCs YEARN FOR TYPE OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
THAT IS:
•
•
•
•
•
JOB CREATING
ENSURING EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME
BRINGING ABOUT FOOD SECURITY
FACTORING IN THE ENVIRONMENT
INCLUSIVE & PARTICIPATORY ESPECIALLY WITH REGARD
TO:
- YOUTH
- GENDER
- DISABLED
IN SHORT: GROWTH THAT IS PRO-POOR
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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IRREVERSIBLE GLOBALISATION
PROCESS
GLOBALISATION PROCESS SEEMS IRREVERSIBLE
GLOBALISATION DYNAMICS ENTAIL INCREASING
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE (=MIGRATION) INTER ALIA
•
•
•
•
GLOBAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
MULTILATERAL TRADING SYSTEM (IN GOODS & SERVICES)
GROWING TRENDS IN OUTSOURCING AND PRODUCTION
NETWORKING MODES OF OPERATION
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS ADVANCES, etc
ALL THESE BRING THE ISSUES OF MIGRATION,
MIGRANT WORKERS, REMITTANCES & THEIR
IMPLICATIONS ON SOCIO – ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT TO THE FORE
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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PARTIAL PICTURE
OFTEN FIGURES ON MIGRANTS GIVE AN
INCOMPLETE PICTURE
THERE ARE:
• RECORDED MIGRANTS
• UNRECORDED BUT LEGITIMATE MIGRANTS
• IRREGULAR MIGRANTS
DEFINITION OR INTERPRETATION CAN ALSO LEAVE
A BLURRED PICTURE
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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REMITTANCES TRANSFERS: FIGURES
CAN ALSO GIVE PARTIAL PICTURE
TRANSFER OF REMITTANCES CAN BE:
• RECORDED – ESP. IF VIA FORMAL CHANNELS
• UNRECORDED – EVEN IF GOING VIA FORMAL CHANNELS (DUE
TO IDENTIFICATION PROBLEMS)
- IF GOING THROUGH INFORMAL CHANNELS
USE OF INFORMAL CHANNELS CAN BE CAUSED BY:
•
•
•
•
•
EXCHANGE RATES CONSIDERED UNFAVOURABLE BY REMITTERS
TEDIOUS PROCEDURES ENTAILED IN FORMAL TRANSFERS
PERCEIVED HIGH RISK INVLOVED IN FORMAL CHANNELS
HIGH COST OF TRANSFERS THROUGH FORMAL CHANNELS
CHALLENGING ACCESS TO THE REMITTANCES BY THE
RECEPIENTS WHEN THEY ARRIVE ESP IN RURAL AREAS
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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GLOBAL REMITTANCES
(2000 – 2009)
AVAILABLE DATA SHOWS EXPONENTIAL
INCREASE OF GLOBAL REMITTANCES
OVER 2000 – 2009 PERIOD
THIS HAS BEEN SO EVEN IN THE FACE OF GLOBAL FINANCIAL
AND ECONOMIC CRISES
• 2000
• 2009
USD132bln
USD414bln
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DID EXPERIENCE A DECREASE OF 6% DUE
TO THE FIN & ECON CRISES
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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MIGRATION: PUSH FACTORS
PUSH FACTORS IN COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN:
• POPULATION GROWTH RATE OUTSTRIPPING ECONOMIC
GROWTH
• CLIMATE CHANGE & ENVIRONMENT DEGRADATION
CHALLENGES
• NATURAL DISASTERS
• ARMED CONFLICTS
ALL RESULT IN:
-
HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
POVERTY INTENSIFICATION
HIGH DEGREE OF INSECURITY
SEARCH FOR ALTERNATIVES
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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MIGRATION: PULL FACTORS
PULL FACTORS ABROAD (COUNTRIES OF
DESTINATION FOR MIGRANTS):
• UNFILLED JOB OPENINGS
• LURE OF BETTER PAY
• ATTRACTION OF PERCEIVED COMFORTABLE LIVING
STANDARDS
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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STOCK OF MIGRANTS
(2005)
WORLD
Migrants
(mlns)
190.6
DEVELOPING
145.0
Migrants
As %
3,0
2,7
Of Pop:
NB: Figures on Lesotho seem inflated
LDCs
21.8
2,9
LESOTHO
0.26?
14,4?
Source: World Bank
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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RECORDED REMITTANCES INFLOWS
(IN USD IN BILLIONS)
WORLD
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
131.5
146.8
169.5
205.6
231.3
262.7
297.1
317.7
-
DEVELOPING
84.5
95.6
115.9
143,6
161.3
191.2
221.3
239.7
-
LDCs
LESOTHO
6.2
6.7
8.4
9.6
10.8
11.9
14,0
15.6
22.5
24.0
0.25
0.21
0.20
0.29
0.36
0.33
0.36
0.45
0.44
0.49
Source: World Bank
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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RECORDED REMITTANCE INFLOWS:
LDCs
(as % of GDP)
2006
Lesotho
Haiti
Nepal
The Gambia
Cape Verde
Kiribati
Guinea Bissau
Bangladesh
Uganda
Togo
NB: Samoa (2009) 25.8%
Senegal (2009) 9.8%
Source: World Bank
June 17 2010
24.5
21.6
18.0
12.5
12.0
9.9
9.2
8.8
8.7
8.7
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
2009
27.3
18.7
21.6
11.4
10.1
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ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF REMITTANCES
TRANSFERS TO COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
REMITTANCES TRANSFERS CAN TRIGGER
BENEFICIAL CHAIN REACTIONS IN THE ECONOMY
OF THE RECEIVING COUNTRY THROUGH:
• FOREIGN EXCHANGE HOLDINGS
• INCREASED DEMAND FOR CONSUMER GOODS & SERVICES
• NATIONAL SAVINGS RATE
• INVESTMENT
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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IMPLICATIONS OF REMITTANCES VIA
FOREIGN EXCHANGE INCREASE
•
•
FOREX INFLOWS CAN BOOST CONFIDENCE
ENHANCED CONFIDENCE CAN:
- IMPROVE CREDIT RATING (CREDIT WORTHINESS)
[EASIER ACCESS TO INTERNATIONAL CREDIT MARKETS]
- GENERATE FDI INFLOWS ( INCREASED
INVESTMENT LEADING TO CREATION OF
JOBS)
NB: The downside of it is that:
- if not properly managed this can lead to appreciation of currency:
> exports could lose competitiveness in international markets
> imports would be cheaper
> external current account balance could be adversely affected
- pumping too much money into the system (excessive Money Supply)
through loose monetary policy will tend to lead to higher inflation rate
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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IMPLICATIONS OF REMITTANCES VIA
DEMAND BOOST
REMITTANCES INFLOWS WOULD TEND TO BOOST
DEMAND FOR GOODS & SERVICES [ AS RECIPIENTS
SEEK TO MEET BASIC HUMAN NEEDS: FOOD, CLOTHING, SHELTER,
HEALTH, EDUCATION]
THROUGH THE MULTIPLIER EFFECT:
- BENEFICIAL EFFECTS WOULD SPREAD RIGHT THROUGH THE
SYSTEM
- PUBLIC REVENUE WOULD RISE (LDCs DEPEND HEAVILY ON
INDIRECT TAXES TO RAISE PUBLIC REVENUE – MORE IS
COLLECTED WHEN SPENDING IS HIGH)
RISK: IF NOT PROPERLY MANAGED THIS CAN TRIGGER INFLATION
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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IMPLICATIONS OF REMITTANCES VIA
SAVINGS
INCREASED SAVING:
•
AMOUNTS TO MOBILISATION OF DOMESTIC
RESOURCES FOR INVESTMENT
• IT WOULD BE A CUSHION AGAINST SHOCKS FOR
INDIVIDUALS CONCERNED
• FORMAL & INFORMAL DEPOSIT TAKING
INSTITUTIONS WOULD TEND TO THRIVE
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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IMPLICATIONS OF REMITTANCES VIA
INVESTMENT
IF REMITTANCES TRANSFERRED GO DIRECTLY
INTO INVESTMENT:
- BUYING TREASURY BILLS (TBs) AND BONDS
- EQUITY MARKETS ( BUYING SHARES)
- INVESTING DIRECTLY IN SMEs & OTHER
Investments would :
- generate employment
- boost demand for capital products
- through development of linkages benefits would permeate
through the system
REMITTANCES INFLOWS SEEN BY SOME ANALYSTS AS MORE
STABLE THAN ODA & FDI
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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IMPACT OF MIGRATION AT OTHER
LEVELS
• CONTRIBUTES TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• MIGRANTS THEMSELVES GET TO BE
TRANSFORMED FOR THE BETTER (EXPOSURE).
THIS IS IMPROVED HUMAN CAPITAL
• ENCOURAGES TRANSFER AND DIFFUSION OF
KNOW-HOW & TECHNOLOGY
• GENERATION OF TRADE LINKS BETWEEN HOST
AND ORIGIN COUNTRIES (identification of business
opportunities, development of trade networks between countries of
origin and destination)
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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MAINSTREAMING MIGRATION INTO
NATIONAL POLICIES FOR
DEVELOPMENT
GIVEN TREMENDOUS POSITIVE IMPACT THAT
MIGRATION IS HAVING ON LDCs & DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES IN GENERAL IT IS IMPERATIVE TO
MAINSTREAM MIGRATION ISSUES IN NATIONAL &
REGIONAL POLICIES, PLANS & PROGRAMMES
MIGRATION SHOULD ALSO BE AN INTEGRAL PART
OF THE UN LDC IV OUTCOME DOCUMENT & OF
ADOPTED NEW PLAN/PROGRAMME
BEST PRACTICES AMONG DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SHOULD BE
SHARED
AT THE NATIONAL & REGIONAL LEVELS LDCs SHOULD BE ASSISTED
WITH THE TASK OF ADOPTING BEST PRACTICES IN THIS AREA
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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POLICIES FOR MAINSTREAMING
MIGRATION IN NATIONAL & REGIONAL
ENDEAVOURS
AGREE WITH AUTHORS OF BACKGROUND PAPER
THAT:
•
MIGRATION SHOULD BE MAINSTREAMED IN NATIONAL & REGIONAL
POLICIES, STRATEGIC FRAMEWORKS, ACTION PLANS &
PROGRAMMES OF ACTION IN ORDER TO MAXIMISE ITS BENEFITS
•
IMPROVE INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS TO FACILITATE
MIGRATION & REMITTANCES TRANSFERS (BILATERAL &
MULTILATERAL)
•
INITIATIVES SUCH AS FINANCING FACILITY FOR REMITTANCES
(FFR) SHOULD BE STRENGTHENED & THOSE SERVING THE URBAN
COMMUNITIES NEED TO BE DEVELOPED IN LDCs
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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LESOTHO: HISTORY OF MIGRANT
LABOUR
HAS BEEN DELIBERATE POLICY OF THE COLONIAL
REGIME TO TURN & MAINTAIN LESOTHO ( ALONG
WITH BOTSWANA, MALAWI, MOZAMBIQUE &
SWAZILAND) AS RESERVOIRS OF CHEAP
UNSKILLED LABOUR FOR SOUTH AFRICAN MINES
& FARMS SINCE THE 19TH CENTURY
- MIGRANTS SERVED SHORT TERM CONTRACTS
- NO UNIONS & NO LABOUR RIGHTS
- NOT ALLOWED TO BE ACCOMPANIED BY SPOUSES
- VERY LOW WAGES & NO BENEFITS OR SOCIAL SECURITY
IT WAS SOME FORM OF SLAVE LABOUR
CONTINUATION WAS ENSURED BY NOT DEVELOPING THESE
COUNTRIES. IT BECAME A TRADITION
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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LESOTHO: CHANGING COMPOSITION
OF MIGRANTS
MIGRATION PRACTICE WAS CULTIVATED FOR OVER
DECADES IN THE COLONIAL DAYS & IS
ENTRENCHED
WHILE STRUGGLING WITH THE DEVELOPMENT
EFFORTS MIGRATION IN ONGOING DUE TO THE
PULL AND PUSH FACTORS CATALOGUED EARLIER
COMPOSITION OF MIGRANTS HAS BEEN CHANGING
FROM UNSKILLED ( MINE-WORKERS & FARM
WORKERS) TO INCREASINGLY SEMI-SKILLED &
HIGHLY SKILLED (PROFESSIONALS)
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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LESOTHO: CHANGING COMPOSITION
OF MIGRANTS (CONT.)
• THERE IS SYSTEMATIC RELATIVE DECLINE OF
RECORDED UNSKILLED MIGRANTS (MINING,
FARMS, FACTORIES, SERVICE SECTOR)
• NOTICEABLE INCREASE OF ARTISANS,
TECHNICIANS & PROFESSIONALS
• SOME INCREASE OF IRREGULAR (UNRECORDED)
MIGRANTS FOR REASONS LISTED EARLIER
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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PREFERRED COUNTRY OF
DESTINATION BY LESOTHO MIGRANTS
SOUTH AFRICA IS BY FAR THE MOST PREFERRED
COUNTRY OF DESTINATION: WHY SO?
• ENTRENCHED TRADITION
• PROXIMITY (IMMEDIATE & ONLY NEIGHBOUR)
• EASE OF EFFECTING TRANSFERS ( COMMON
MONETARY UNION & HAND-TO-HAND DELIVERY
DUE TO PROXIMITY)
• ETHNIC & CULTURAL TIES
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
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SIGNIFICANCE OF REMITTANCES IN
LESOTHO’s ECONOMY:
SOURCES OF FUNDING DEVELOPMENT IN LESOTHO
(2000 – 2009)
As % of GNI
FDI
ODA
DS
EB
RR
FX
2000 2.8
3.24
28.4
58.0
23.5
9
2001 3.0
3.78
35.0
78.3
22.2
11.7
2002 3.2
5.19
30.0
57.4
21.6
6.4
2003 3.3
3.78
25.7
45.5
21.3
5.6
2004 3.3
2.87
26.6
39.3
21.0
5.2
2005 3.3
2.82
23.0
36.5
18.4
5.5
2006 4.9
2.04
30.9
35.6
19.0
6.7
2007 5.3
2.48
29.9
37.0
21.7
7.6
2008 9.6
2.9
35.3
37.8
20.6
8.5
2009 7.6
8.19
29.6
27.3
17.2
7.9
Source: Central Bank of Lesotho
Notes: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Official Development Assistances (ODA)
Domestic Savings (DS), External Borrowing (EB), Recorded Remittances (RR)
Foreign Exchange Holdings in months of import cover (FX)
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
29
SIGNIFICANCE OF REMITTANCES IN
THE ECONOMY OF LESOTHO (CONT.)
CLEARLY IN LESOTHO ODA & FDI PLAY RELATIVELY
LESS ROLE.
ODA PER CAPITA IS VERY LOW IN LESOTHO EVEN
THOUGH AN LDC
DOMESTIC SAVINGS (?), EXTERNAL BORROWING
(MAINLY CONSESSIONAL FROM IDA & AFDF etc),
REMITTANCES & EXPORT EARNINGS PLAY A
RELATIVELY MAJOR ROLE IN FINANCING SOCIO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN LESOTHO
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
30
MAINSTREAMING OF MIGRATION IN
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY IN
LESOTHO
THOUGH MIGRATION & REMITTANCES PLAY SUCH A
PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE ECONOMY OF LESOTHO
THEY ARE NOT MAINSTREAMED IN THE NATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT POLICY
THERE IS URGENT NEED TO DO SO
NATIONAL STRATEGIC PLAN (VISION 2020) DOES
NOT ADDRESS IT
PRSP MENTIONS IT EN PASSE
DEVELOPMENT PLANNING PROCESS IS JUST BEING
RESUSCITATED (HOPEFULLY WILL MAINSTREAM
THE ISSUE)
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
31
MIGRATION IN POLICY & PLANS
MIGRATION AND REMITTANCES ISSUES OUGHT TO
BE AN INTEGRAL PART OF:
• NATIONAL POLICY
• PLANS:
- STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK
- ACTION PLAN
- PROGRAMMES OF ACTION ( INCLUDING PRSP)
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
32
EFFORTS OF MIGRANTS & DIASPORA IN
LESOTHO
MIGRANTS WITH CO-OPERATION AND ASSISTANCE OF
AUTHORITIES MEANTIME HAVE:
• FORMED CO-OPERATIVES (RETAIL AND SMALL SCALE
MANUFACTURING)
• ENGAGED IN SOME AGRICULTURAL PROJECTS
• FORMED AND MAINTAINED SAVINGS & LOANS
ASSOCIATIONS & CREDIT UNIONS
• UNDERTAKEN PPP PROJECTS (e.g. New Referral Hospital)
• BOUGHT EQUITY IN SOME COMPANIES
• BUILDING DECENT SOLID MODERN HOMES
MUCH MORE CAN & NEEDS TO BE DONE WITH ASSISTANCE
AND CO-OPERATION OF THE AUTHORITIES
LESSONS CAN BE LEARNED FROM BEST PRACTICE CASES
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
33
WAY FORWARD FOR LESOTHO
•
•
•
INTENSIFY DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS ON ALL FRONTS (WITH CLEAR
OBJECTIVES & STRATEGIES)
BORROW LEAF FROM BEST PRACTICE CASES IN MAINSTREAMING
MIGRATION [e.g. DRC (2006), Rwanda (2007), Senegal (2006), Sierra
Leone (2005) & Bangladesh (2005) Ghana (2005) though not an LDC]
EXPEDITE:
- FORMATION OF EFFECTIVE DIASPORA ASSOCIATIONS (AUTHORITIES SHOULD KEEP
IN CLOSE TOUCH WITH THEM)
- ADOPTING POLICIES THAT RESPECT RIGHTS AND CHOICES OF MIGRANTS AND
DIASPORA
- FORMULATING POLICIES THAT FACILITATES QUALITY MIGRATION
- PROVIDING GUIDANCE AND SUPPORT TO MIGRANTS
- ENCOURAGING & NURTURING HIGHER SAVINGS, MORE INVESTMENT, FOR MIGRANTS
AND DIASPORA (PARTNERSHIPS & NETWORKING)
- IMPROVING ARRANGEMENTS WITH DESTINATION COUNTRIES
•
REGIONAL STRATEGIES IN THIS REGARD ARE NECESSARY
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
34
WAY FORWARD FOR LESOTHO
(CONT.)
• CREATE RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS & REORGANISE EXISITING
STATE INSTITUTIONS IN A WAY THAT ACCOMMODATES &
ADDRESSES MIGRATION & DIASPORA ISSUES
e.g. focal point, inclusive national steering committee,
relevant national implementation unit,
• DEVISE EFFECTIVE MONITORING & EVALUATION
MECHANISM & A CLEAR ACCOUNTABILITY FRAMEWORK
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
35
CONCLUSION
• MIGRATION, REMITTANCES WILL CONTINUE GLOBALLY
• FINDING WAYS OF MAXIMISING IMPACT OF REMITTANCES
ON DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES,
ESPECIALLY LDCs, IS A CHALLENGE
• SOME COUNTRIES, INCLUDING LDCs, HAVE STARTED
WORKING HARD TO ENSURE MAXIMISATION OF BENEFITS
EMANATING FROM MIGRATION
• MAINSTREAMING MIGRATION IN NATIONAL & REGIONAL
POLICIES, PLANS & PROGRAMMES IS IMPERATIVE
• EXPERIENCE SHARING SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED
• NEW UN LDCs (2011) OUTCOME DOCUMENT SHOULD
ADDRESS MIGRATION AND RELATED ISSUES ADEQUATELY
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
36
THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND
ATTENTION
June 17 2010
Dr Mothae Anthony Maruping
37