Transcript Document

Topic: Development Introduction (Chapter 9)
• Aim: In what ways can we
contrast the relative experience of
living in a ‘core’ country versus
living in a ‘periphery’ country?
• Do Now: Agree or Disagree with
the following thesis statement,
and briefly defend your position
in your notebook:
“I am better off living in the
United States than anywhere in
Latin America, Asia, or Africa”
Does anyone know what Long
Island used to look like about 50
years ago?
Before 1970
After development
Long Island, New York
When you think of a country as a ‘developed’ or
‘core’ country (the so-called “First World”),
what are some things you specifically associate
with it? In other words, if you were suddenly
dropped in random country, what would you
use to determine it’s development?
Development & Scale - Which Jamaica?
This is not the Jamaica most
will see, certainly not in travel
brochures for tourists
Based on the propaganda
above, you might believe that
Jamaica was a moredeveloped country, but in fact
it is a less developed country.
Here’s where scale matters.
Development (Definition):
• The process of
improving the material
conditions of people
through the diffusion
of knowledge and
technology
• More developed
countries (MDCs)
– AKA developed
countries
• Lesser developed
countries (LDCs)
– AKA emerging or
developing countries
• The United Nations (UN) developed a measure of the
level of development of every country called the
Human Development Index (HDI). Level of
development ranging from developed (Very High) to
developing (Low).
– It is measured through 3 indicators:
1. Decent standard of living (Economic)
2. Long and healthy life (Demographic/Medical)
3. Access to knowledge (Social)
Based on these
indicators, can
you think of
some countries
that are
more/less
developed?
HDI BY
REGION:
Regions and
other areas are
shown in order
of level of
development.
Developed
regions are in
red, and
developing
regions in green.
Similar patterns
will be used for a
number of charts
in this chapter.
Indicators of Development?
Economic
Demographic &
Medical
Social
Indicators of Development
• Economic indicators of development
– Gross domestic product per capita
– Types of jobs
– Raw materials
– Consumer goods
• Social indicators of development
– Education and literacy
– Health and welfare
• Demographic indicators of development
– Life expectancy
– Infant mortality rate
– Natural increase rate
– Crude birth rate
Economic Indicators
1. Gross national income (GNI)
– Value of the output of goods and services produced
in a country annually, including money that leaves
and enters the country. Per capita GNI measures
average (mean) wealth, not its distribution among
citizens.
– Gross domestic product (GDP) is similar except it
doesn’t account for money entering and leaving the
country.
2. Purchasing power parity (PPP)
– Cost of living adjustment made to the GNI.
Other Economic Factors…
• The amount of
people who make
their living
through
agriculture
• “From the start, I didn't want it
just to be about 'needy children' in
the developing world, but rather
something more inclusive, about
children from all types of
situations. It seemed to make
sense to photograph the children
themselves, too, but separately
from their bedrooms, using a
neutral background. My thinking
was that the bedroom pictures
would be inscribed with the
For each of the following images,
children's material and cultural
describe what you see, where in the
circumstances ' the details that
world you believe it to be, and what
inevitably mark people apart from
evidence the photo gives regarding the
each other” ---James Mollison
development or lack of development
of that country/region.
Japan
Nepal
Harlan County,
Kentucky, USA
Manhattan, New York,
USA
Bounkiling village,
Senegal
Hebron, The West Bank
Contrast the following
images
Describe what each
tells you regarding the
general development
of their relative
nations?
• Access to Knowledge
– UN considers years of schooling to be the most critical
measure of the ability of an individual to gain access to
knowledge needed for development.
• Quantity of Schooling
– Average Years of schooling
» Global: 7 years
» Developing: 6 years
» Developed: 11 years
– Expected years of schooling
» Developed: 16 years
» Developing: 11 years
World Systems Theory
(aka - the Core-Periphery
Model)
• Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory:
– Immanuel Wallerstein, a U.S. social scientist, posited a
world-systems analysis that unified the world economy with
developed countries forming an inner core area, whereas
developing countries occupy peripheral locations.
– Developing countries in the periphery have less access to
the world center of consumption, communications, wealth,
and power, which are clustered in the core.
Unevenness of Economic
Development
1.
Core
2. Semi-Periphery
3. Periphery
Regions
with
undeveloped
or narrowly
Regions
that
dominate trade,
controlspecialized
most
Regions that
are
able
to
exploit
peripheral
regions
but
economies
low levels
of productivity
advanced with
technologies,
high
levels of
are themselves dominated by core regions
productivity and diversified economies
Earth's six less developed regions are Latin America, Southeast Asia, The
Middle East, East Asia, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. The world's
more developed regions are Anglo-America, Western Europe, and Eastern
Europe, plus Japan and the South Pacific.
Economic Indicators of Development:
1. Primary Activities: concerned directly with natural
resources of any kind (agriculture, mining, fishing,
and forestry)
2. Secondary Activities: process, transform, fabricate,
or assemble raw materials derived from primary
activities (steel making, food processing, furniture
making, automobile assembly, and garment
manufacturing)
Economic Indicators of Development:
3. Tertiary Activities: involves the sale and exchange of goods
and services (warehousing, retail stores, personal services
like hairdressing, commercial services like accounting,
advertising, and entertainment)
4. Quaternary Activities: those dealing with business services
such as the handling and processing of knowledge and info
(trade, insurance, banking, advertising, wholesaling)
5. Quinary Activities: health, research, government, retailing,
tourism and education
Levels of Development (1st-5th World System):
1.First World: service-based economies that have free
markets, high level of productivity per person, and high
quality of life. Examples include: U.S., Canada, and
countries of the European Union (EU), Middle-Eastern oil
states such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, United Arab
Emirates, Oman, and Bahrain.
2.Second World: Communist countries of which only 2 ‘hard
line’ states remain: Cuba and North Korea. Characterized
by centrally planned economies. Can also include newly
industrialized countries (NIC’s), which are controlled by
Communist parties but have adapted to free-market
reforms. Examples of this would be China and Vietnam.
3. Third World, or underdeveloped: Mainly agricultural and
resource-based economies that have low levels of
production per person and low quality of life. Found across
Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, and some Asia
countries. Some of the poorest include: Haiti, Niger,
Malawi, Tanzania, Madagascar, Nepal, Kyrgyzstan and
Tajkistan
4.Fourth World: Third world states that have experienced an
economic crisis that has immobilized the national
economy. This could be collapse of banking system,
devaluation of currency, failed taxation system, warfare, or
natural disasters. Examples would be Sierra Leone and
Liberia (civil wars) and Myanmar (cyclone disaster).
5. Fifth World: Third world states that lack both a functioning
economy AND have no formal government. Somalia and
Western Sahara qualify as such.
Social Indicators of Development:
• Education and literacy:
– Quality of education measured by student/teacher ratio
and literacy rate
– MDCs average 10 years of school
– Literacy rate exceeds 98% in MDCs
• Health and welfare:
– MDCs spend higher % of GDP per capita on health
care
– In MDCs, health care is typically a public service
• Social indicators of development:
– Education and literacy (The literacy rate)
– Health and welfare (Diet, adequate calories, access
to health care)
Demographic Indicators of
Development:
• Life expectancy:
– In MDCs (70s) and LDCs (60s)
– MDCs have higher % of older people who are retired
and receive public support
• Infant mortality rate:
– In MDCs more than 99.5% of infants survive compared
to 94% in LDCs
– Deaths in LDCs due to malnutrition, poor medical
practices and lack of education
60 Minutes: Dubai’s Development Modelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HLokQdkRCg
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Review:
• Development (Chapter 9) as it relates to our
previous chapters…
Development & Spatial Scale (chapter 1):
Harlan County,
Kentucky
Manhattan,
New York
• In what ways does applying the geographic concept of
scale offer us different degrees of analysis about the
development of the United States?
Development & Population Issues (chapter 2):
Describe some demographic
differences between MDC’s
and LDC’s
Life Expectancy
MDC vs. LDC
Stage of the Demographic
Transition Model
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
MDC vs. LDC
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
MDC vs. LDC
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
MDC vs. LDC
Shape of Population Pyramid
MDC vs. LDC
Epidemiologic Transition
MDC vs. LDC
MDC vs. LDC
Development & Migration (chapter 3):
• In what ways can a country’s
development (or lack
thereof) impact the migration
and general movement of
people? (think about
push/pull factors)
• In LDC’s?
• In MDC’s?
Development & Cultural Patterns (chapters
4-7):
1.
2.
3.
Describe the ways (positive,
negative, or both?) in which
globalization and modern
technology can impact local folk
cultures
In what ways can development
specifically impact women in
developing countries?
How might economic
development (increased trade, for
example) impact language and
language development?
Summary: “If It Were My Home”
analysis
• www.ifitweremyhome.com
• We will now discuss how it relates to
today’s lesson