Transcript History Of Nuclear Power in Brazil

Present Situation 1

Developed countries are not reducing their
emissions in such a way to reach the goals of
the Kyoto Protocol commitment.

Developing countries tend to increase their
emission with the economy growth as they
follow developed countries consumption
pattern.
Energy per Capita ( E / Pop = E / GDP x GDP / Pop )
Data – years 1980, 85, 90, 85, 2000 and 2002
Source: Pinguelli Rosa, M. Silvia Muylaert e Christiano Pires,COPPE , 2006
Brazil
4
China
3,5
India
300 M BTU /
head
Indonesia
Energy/GDP (M BTU / 100 US$)
3
Mexico
200 M BTU /
head
2,5
South
Africa
Canada
2
France
Germany
1,5
100 M BTU /
head
Japan
Norway
1
50 M BTU /
head
0,5
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
GDP/Pop (1000 US$ / Head)
35
40
45
Netherland
s
United
States
United
Kingdom
Spain
World
Emission of CO2 per capita from energy consumption C / Pop = C / E x E / P
1980, 85, 90, 85, 2000 and 2002
Source: Source: Pinguelli Rosa, M. Silvia Muylaert e Christiano Pires,COPPE, 2006
Brazil
10
China
9
India
Emission/Energy (t CO2 / 100 M Btu)
8
Indonesia
Mexico
7
6
South
Africa
Canada
5
France
10 t CO2 / head
Germany
4
Japan
5 t CO2 / head
3
Netherlands
Norway
2
1 t CO2 / head
1
0
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
Energy/Pop (100 M BTU / Head)
3,5
4
4,5
5
United
States
United
Kingdom
Spain
World
Present Situation 2
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High income classes in developing countries have high
energy consumption while the majority of population
is poor and has very low energy consumption.

So there is strong inequality of the energy
consumption and of GHG emissions by family inside
each country following the inequality in income
distribution.
ENERGY IN TRANSPORT SECTOR
World
OECD
Developing countries
Economy in transition
(WBCSD 2002)
[GtEP]
3,000
2,000
1,4% aa
1,000
3,6% aa
0,000
1995
OECD
2000
2005
2010
Economias de Transição
2015
2020
2025
Países em Desenvolvimento
2030
Mundo
2035
ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION
WORLD
OIL CONSUMPTION
BYDiesel
SECTOR
- 1973
Consumo
Mundial de Óleo
- 1973
Outros
Setores
25%
Uso NãoEnergético
6%
+16,5%
Transporte
43%
Indústria
26%
43%
Consumo
de Óleo
- 2000
WORLD
OILMundial
CONSUMPTION
BYDiesel
SECTOR
- 2000
Outros
Setores
Transporte
16%
58%
Uso NãoEnergético
6%
(IEA 2002)
58%
Indústria
20%
Public Perception of Climate Policy
in Brazil
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Brazil was the first country that signed the Convention
of the United Nations on Climate Change on June 4,
1992. The National Congress ratified it in 1994.
In the meeting of Kyoto, a Brazilian Proposal was
presented, that has had great influence, because it
placed in focus the historical emissions, from the
Industrial Revolution, contributing to increase the
global temperature.
The Proposal was to create of a Clean Development
Fund, with resources of the Annex I countries to be
applied at the developing countries.
This Fund was not approved, but instead the Clean
Development Mechanism was created.
Brazilian Forum on Climatic Change
Objectives
To promote debate involving scientific
community, non governmental organizations,
companies and government
To provide information for society in general
in such way to assure that decision makers as
well as public opinion are aware on the climate
change issue due to anthropogenic emissions of
greenhouse gases.
Brazilian Forum on Climatic Change
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-
The Chairman of the Forum is the President of the
Republic.
Members of the Forum:
- the ministers of State of the Science and Technology,
of the Environment, of Foreign Affairs, of Energy
- invited members from Universities, Companies and
NGO’s
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Thematic and sector meetings and other activities

The secretary general is named by the President of
the Republic

Presently the secretary of the Forum is located at the
IVIG / COPPE / UFRJ
Plan of Action on Climate Change

In a meeting of the Forum secretary and of the
Minister of Environment with the President few
months ago he has decided that the Government must
elaborate a Plan of Action on Climate Change

The Forum has proposed a formal suggestion for the
Plan of Action with the contribution of several
NGO’s, members of academic community, people
from companies and from several areas of the
Government
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Brazil – 1994
(source: Brazilian National Communication)
Energy
 103 t
Industry
103 t
Cattleraising
103 t
Land Use
Changes and
Forestry
103 t
Waste
Treatment
103 t
Total
103 t
CO2
236,505
CO2
16,870
CO2
-
CO2
776,331
CO2
-
CO2
1,029,706
CH4
401
CH4
3
CH4
10,161
CH4
1,805
CH4
803
CH4
13,173
N2O
9
N2O
14
N2O
503
N2O
12
N2O
12
N2O
550
Can be Hydropower
Reservoirs a Significant
Source of Greenhouse
Gases?


Although hydro-power plants emissions are rated
as negligible, power dam studies carried out by a
research group at the International Virtual
Institute on Global Change (IVIG) of COPPE show
that hydro reservoirs give rise to methane and
carbon dioxide emissions, although generally at
levels far lower than thermo-power plants.
From the environmental standpoint, nuclear
power offers now the argument that it does not
emit greenhouse gases, in contrast to massive
carbon dioxide emissions produced by the fossil
fuels  coal, oil and natural gas
Emissions from Reservoirs: Instituto Virtual (IVIG) - COPPE
Funnel Bubble Collector Coupled to a Gas Collecting Bottle
Hidrelétricas Estudadas – COPPE / IVIG – USP/ S. Carlos
Nuclear Energy
The need of global governance
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USA: extending reactors time life;
no reactors in construction;
intention  new reactors  advanced LWR
Europe: France not building reactors by now;
only one new reactor in construction in Finland
intention  new reactors  advanced PWR
Japan – continues reactor construction
South Korea – important nuclear program
China – increasing nuclear program
Latin America - there are nuclear reactors for electricity generation
in:
Argentina – 2 natural uranium - heavy water reactors,
one from Siemens and other from Canada
Brazil– 2 PWR, one from Westinghouse, other from Siemens
present discussion on a third Siemens reactor
Mexico – 1 PWR
INTERNATIONAL SITUATION
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USA: extending reactors time life;
intention  new reactors  advanced LWR
Europe: one new reactor in construction in Finland
intention  new reactors  advanced PWR
Asia :
Japan – continues reactor construction
South Korea – important nuclear program
China – increasing nuclear program
Latin America - there are nuclear reactors for electricity
generation in:
Argentina – 2 natural uranium - heavy water reactors,
one from Siemens and other from Canada
Brazil– 2 PWR, one from Westinghouse, other from Siemens
present discussion on a third Siemens reactor
Mexico – 1 PWR